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626 results for “Affirmative Action” .
Affirmative Action
This is a particular problem at the nation's colleges and universities. This has become so much of an issue that law suits and verdicts have been handed down in some states. One of the most famous cases to date involved the University of Michigan's undergraduate and law school policies. These cases are Gratz v. Bollinger and Grutter v. Bollinger. In 1997, Jennifer Gratz, a white woman, sued the University of Michigan undergraduate college because she was not admitted even though several black students with lower test scores and grades were granted admission. During the same year, Barbara Grutter, also a white woman, filed suit against the Law School for the same reasons. In 2003 the cases were heard together at the Supreme Court. The court ruled that policies that take race into consideration are allowable under the constitution. The court explains that states have an interest in guaranteeing that there…
Works Cited
"Affirmative Action."
Affirmative Action Is an Organization of Policies
Affirmative Action is an organization of policies and designed procedures aimed at assisting in the elimination of discrimination against women and other minorities in the human society, together with redressing the possibilities of past discrimination. As required by the Affirmative Action Plan's requirements, Affirmative Action was signed by President Johnson in 1965. It supported and revised by different presidents in the world. The intention of Affirmative Action is to have less or no discriminations in the various fields of living among the minority groups and women in the society of the U.S. And other nations that subdue to it. Nonetheless, Affirmative Action has attracted both positive and negative effects on the human society. The initial intention of Affirmative Action was to bring sanity in the human society where equality and cohesive continuation exists in the society. According to President John F. Kennedy, Affirmative Action is as good as a society…
Moultry, M. (1999). The positive and negative effects of Affirmative Action in higher education.
Rabe, J. (2001). Equality, Affirmative Action and justice. Hamburg: Rabe.
Spielberger, C.D. (2004). Encyclopedia of applied psychology. Oxford: Academic.
Affirmative Action Is an Initiative Based on
Affirmative action is an initiative based on a set of policies that are intended to eradicate both present and past prejudice against women and minority in areas of employment and businesses where they were historically marginalized. Theses discriminations can also be based on ones race, religion, color or nation of origin (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2009). rief History of affirmative action Civil rights movements originally endorsed programs that would enable African-Americans acquire full citizenship of the United States; slavery was then illegalized and equal protection under the law was guaranteed and prejudice against voting rights was as well forbidden. The end of post civil war reconstruction era was marked in 1896 by the ruling of the Supreme Court over the Plessy v. Ferguson's decision to uphold anything that displayed equality for African-Americans. President Franklin D. Roosevelt then signed an executive order 8802 in 1941 in order to forbid certain policies…
Brunner Borgna, (2012). Affirmative action history. Retrieved May 9, 2012 from http://www.infoplease.com/spot/affirmative1.html
Stanford Encyclopedia of philosophy (2009). Affirmative Action. Retrieved May 9, 2012 from
Affirmative Action Is an Extremely Important Concept
Affirmative Action is an extremely important concept since it is vital to the operation of America as a democracy. It reinforces the affirmation of the Constitution that all people are born equal and should, therefore, be given an equal chance to prove themselves. Employment opportunity (and other factors) should be based on merit rather than on extraneous factors such as skin color, race, gender, physiology, and so forth. The Federal egister states that "race, color, religion, gender, sexual orientation, or national origin" (http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/11246.html) should not be considered when evaluating the candidate's chance for "areas of employment, education, and business" (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/affirmative-action/.). The principles of affirmative action exist in almost all countries. Their policies vary but their fundamentals are, more or less, the same. A. How Affirmative Action came to be The term first came into effect with JF Kennedy in 1961 when he signed the Executive Order 10925. The order in…
Federal Register
Affirmative Action Lit Review Affirmative Action Review
Affirmative Action Lit eview Affirmative Action eview of Literature Has Affirmative Action outlived its use in today's society? And if so should the program change or simply come to an end? The issue of Affirmative Action (AA) is one that is currently being hotly debated by both policy makers and the public. Like racism itself there are many opinions all of which are run the gamut between logical and illogical and constructive and destructive. In general it is come to be an accepted premise that AA has outlived its usefulness, has a tendency to do damage to both the minority beneficiaries of it and the majority and should either be changed drastically in application or eliminate it altogether (Todd, Spanierman, & Poteat, 2011). In looking at this issue through the perspective of academic literature this researcher developed two general questions regarding AA; Has Affirmative Action outlived its use in today's…
Riccucci, N.M. (2007). Moving away from a strict scrutiny standard for Affirmative Action: Implications for public management. The American Review Of Public Administration, 37(2), 123-141. doi:10.1177/0275074006298877
Riccucci, N.M. (2009). The pursuit of social equity in the federal government: A road less traveled?. Public Administration Review, 69(3), 373-382. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2009.01984.x
Todd, N.R., Spanierman, L.B., & Poteat, V. (2011). Longitudinal Examination of the Psychosocial Costs of Racism to Whites across the College Experience. Journal Of Counseling Psychology, 58(4), 508-521.
Affirmative Action in the 21st
Actually, state agencies and institutions of higher learning have continued to rely upon the Supreme Court decisions and federal legislation to enforce the policies of affirmative action since 1978. While there are no definitive answers on whether affirmative action policies and programs are necessary, scholars and civic leaders have been engaged in hot debates to determine the implications of measures to dismantle affirmative action policies and programs. There are various reasons that prove that affirmative action policies and programs are not necessary in the 21st Century and should therefore be abolished. These reasons include & #8230; Inability to Eliminate Discrimination: Generally, affirmative action has been unable to wholly eliminate discrimination that is entrenched in the American government and society. While affirmative action was developed to help cure all discrimination in the United States, it is quite evident that this policy has been unable to accomplish its objective. If the affirmative…
References:
Conn, S.L. & Niskey, L.T. (1998, April 23). The Legitimacy of Anti-Affirmative Action
Initiatives: Didactical Lessons for 21st Century Administrators. Third Annual National Conference, 25.
Jackson. (n.d.). Why is Affirmative Action Such a Divisive Issue? Retrieved from New York
University website: http://www.nyu.edu/classes/jackson/social.issues/papers/AfActGrF.html
Affirmative Action Over the Last
Many federal courts have held that community law enforcement agencies may adhere to the stipulations of the Equal Protection Clause if an organizational need validates the employer's intentional affirmative action labors. In the arena of higher education, the Supreme Court has held in Grutter v. Bollinger that having an assorted student body can often account for the consideration of race as an issue in precise admissions results at colleges and universities without infringing the Equal Protection Clause or Title VI of the Civil ights Act of 1964. The Supreme Court as of yet has not decided on whether an organizational need or diversity foundation can give reason for voluntary affirmative action efforts under Title VII (Section 15: ace & Color Discrimination, 2006). Companies usually do not have quotas since there is really is no such thing in consideration of Affirmative Action. As an alternative, there are numeric goals which are…
Affirmative Action. (2010). Retrieved August 23, 2010, from enotes Web site:
http://www.enotes.com/everyday-law-encyclopedia/affirmative-action
Frequently Asked Questions About Affirmative Action. (2007). Retrieved August 23, 2010, from The HR Consultant Web site: http://www.thehrconsultant.net/FAQ.html
Section 15: Race & Color Discrimination. (2006). Retrieved August 23, 2010, from EEOC Web
Affirmative Action and Race Relations
367) Accoding to Sande, none of these questions have been asked effectively and theefoe we as a nation continue to believe that affimative action is a necessay social development fo the ceation of a moe epesentative society, whee disenfanchisement must be answeed by active plans, policies and laws. Few of us would enthusiastically suppot pefeential admission policies if we did not believe they played a poweful, ieplaceable ole in giving nonwhites in Ameica access to highe education, entee to the national elite, and a chance of coecting histoic undeepesentations in the leading pofessions. (Sande, 2004, p. 367) Sande then goes on, supisingly to develop the fact that acial pefeence, at least in elite law school statistical analysis has not been an effective tool in the development of a moe epesentative and divese population among lawyes and in fact he contends that if it wee abolished minoity aces might actually fae…
references and Affirmative Action in Making Admissions Decisions at a Predominantly White University. College Student Journal, 39(4), 734.
Chander, a. (2003). Minorities, Shareholder and Otherwise. Yale Law Journal, 113(1), 119.
Dietz-Uhler, B., & Murrell, a.J. (1998). Evaluations of Affirmative Action Applicants: Perceived Fairness, Human Capital, or Social Identity?. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 38(11-12), 933.
Robinson, R.K., Franklin, G.M., & Epermanis, K. (2007). The Supreme Court Rulings in Grutter V. Bollinger and Gratz V. Bollinger: The Brave New World of Affirmative Action in the 21st Century. Public Personnel Management, 36(1), 33.
Sander, R.H. (2004). A Systemic Analysis of Affirmative Action in American Law Schools. Stanford Law Review, 57(2), 367.
Affirmative Action - Historical Review
..aims to compensate people for past discrimination and its effects. A main effect of past discrimination is current competitive disadvantage; affirmative action gives victims a competitive advantage to compensate for this injury." (1998) the Discrimination-blocking affirmative action according to Anderson: "...aims to block current discriminatory mechanisms by imposing a countervailing force in the opposite direction. It doesn't remove the factors -- prejudice, stereotypes, stigma, intergroup anxiety -- that cause discrimination; it just tries to block their discriminatory effects." (1998) Finally, Anderson states that the view of Integrative affirmative action has the aims of dismantling the "...current causes of race-based disadvantage -- segregation, stigmatization, discrimination -- by promoting racial integration. It thus aims for a future in which these causes no longer operate." (1998) Anderson additionally states that arguments relating to 'diversity' supporting affirmative action "are a species of argument from social utility. The general idea is that group attributes can…
Bibliography
Froomkin, Dan (1998) Affirmative Action Under Attack. Washington Post. Affirmative Action Special. Online available at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/affirm/affirm.htm
Conflicted View of Affirmative Action (2003) the Pew Research Center 14 May 2003. Online available at http://people-press.org/reports/pdf/184.pdf
Anderson, Elizabeth S. (1998) Race, Gender, and Affirmative Action. University of Michigan, Department of Philosophy. Online available at
Affirmative Action Has Been a
Furthermore, it is also believed that the evolution of American society is at a point where all forms of discrimination can be done away with. Dworkin therefore appears to advocate a simple acceptance of all affirmative action programs in terms of their original intention; to redress the collectivist wrongs perpetrated against a collective sector of society, by another collective. In this, those belonging to the historically repressive collective should, in the spirit of future equality and social collectivism, accept these attempts in this light. One argument that Dworkin mentions is that those, like Hopwood and Bakke, who are disadvantaged tend not to feel overly positive regarding the collectivist future advantage of the country as a result of what they see as reverse discrimination. This creates bitterness and resentment, as mentioned in Yates. uch bitterness and resentment are hardly conducive to future unity in the country. In response to this argument,…
Bernstein, Richard. "Racial Discrimination or Righting Past Wrongs?" New York Times. July 13, 1994. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C03E1D6123FF930A25754C0A962958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all
Dworkin, Ronald. "Bakke's Case: Are Quotas Unfair?" In Race and Racism by Bernard R. Boxill, 2001.
Dworkin, Ronald et al. The Bakke Case: An Exchange. The New York Review of Books, Vol. 24, No. 21 & 22. Jan 26, 1978. http://www.nybooks.com/articles/8301
Morley, Jefferson. "Double Reverse Discrimination" in Justice: A Reader by Michael J. Sandel, 2007.
Affirmative Action Is the Set of Public
Affirmative Action is the set of public policies and initiatives designed to help eliminate past and present discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Affirmative action was set into place during the 1960's. Focusing in particular on education and jobs, affirmative action policies required that active measures be taken to ensure that blacks and other minorities enjoyed the same opportunities for promotions, salary increases, career advancement, school admissions, scholarships, and financial aid that had been the nearly exclusive province of whites. However, despite its good intentions, affirmative action has actually created more problems than it has solved, explaining why so many are now calling for an end to its policies. Affirmative action violates our United States Constitution, favors the middle and upper class, allows unqualified entry to universities and jobs, promotes racism and fosters further discrimination. Affirmative action really is all about quotas rather than eliminating race…
Affirmative Action: The Watershed." Courreges. 21 Apr. 2003. http://courreges.freeservers.com/affirmativeaction.htm.
Arguments Against Affirmative Action." San Juan Unified School District." 21 Apr. 2003. http://www.sanjuan.edu/select/etma/dennis/arguments.html .
Brunner, Borgna. "Bakke and Beyond." Infoplease 21 Apr. 2003. http://www.infoplease.com/spot/affirmative1.html .
Bush Weighs In On Affirmative Action." 17 Jan. 2003. Erik's Pad and Pen. 21 Apr. http://www.ehummel.net/ramblings/archives/2003/01/17/bush_weighs_in_on_af firmative_action.php>.
Affirmative Action Oxford and Cambridge
If affirmative action is permissible by law and sustainable by the Constitution, then it makes sense that universities would be allowed to continue their legacy admissions. The morality and ethics of legacy admissions is a different thing altogether. Affirmative action remains necessary in a nation that only abolished Jim Crow laws five decades ago and which still suffers from one of the largest income disparities of any developed country. On the other hand, legacy admissions further entrench the financially and culturally elite in positions of power. In Liberalism Divided, Owen M. Fiss (1997) analyzes what he calls the "group disadvantaging principle," (p. 36). Fiss (1997) posits the group disadvantaging principle as the principle underlying affirmative action. The principle acknowledges the link between race and class. The group disadvantaging principle "seeks to end social subordination" by proactively uprooting all forms of social inequality and discrimination (Fiss 1997, p. 36). It is…
American Council on Education (2002). What Leaders are Saying about Affirmative Action and Diversity. Retrieved June 18, 2008 at http://www.acenet.edu/bookstore/descriptions/making_the_case/works/leaders.cfm
Bradley, R. (2006). Children of Alumni Check Here. Review of: The Price of Admission: How America's Ruling Class Buys Its Way Into Elite Colleges -- and Who Gets Left Outside the Gates. The New York Sun. Sept 21, 2006. Retrieved June 19, 2008 at http://www.nysun.com/arts/children-of-alumni-check-here/40127/
Fiss, O. (1997). Liberalism Divided: Freedom of Speech and the Many Uses of State Power. Retrieved June 19, 2008 at http://books.google.com/books?id=VJLP13ylC2YC&pg=PA36&lpg=PA36&dq=group+disadvantaging+principle&source=web&ots=zriUKOVo6L&sig=77UeAOTb2E4K2lp6X3bunFs30TQ&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=9&ct=result#PPA36,M1
Katie (2005). Legacy Admissions. A Constrained Vision (blog). Retrieved June 19, 2008 at http://aconstrainedvision.blogspot.com/2005/03/legacy-admissions.html
Affirmative Action Over the Past
Criticism of Affirmative Action Over the years, specific criticisms of Affirmative Action have developed as a result of the endless debate and legal wrangling over the issue, as well as the division in American society about the topic. The first criticism of Affirmative Action to consider is the assertion that the burden of compensating victims of discrimination usually becomes the responsibility of those who are not individually responsible for the discrimination itself. For example, in the case of employment, promotion and educational opportunities, white males are usually the ones who pay the consequences of discrimination violations even if they did not cause it. While the argument is made that this is just because the white males receive the most benefit from discrimination against others, the same argument can be made that the price that white males pay for these extra opportunities exceed what they ever receive in return, making them…
Affirmative Action in the Public
This agency reviews affirmative action programs and addresses complaints, violations or issues with non-compliance (Skrentny, 2001). The nondiscrimination section of the executive order applies to all contractors and subcontractors with federal contracts over $10,000 in any one year. The Executive Order also requires that any non-construction contractor with federal contracts over $50,000 and over fifty employees must establish a written affirmative action plan within 120 days of initiation of the contract (Carrington, McCue, Brooks, 2000). Federal regulations specify that this written plan must include a detailed analysis of the employer's workforce by race, ethnicity, and sex as well as an analysis of any underrepresentation of particular groups (Skrentny, 2001). If an underutilization is found, the employer is charged with determining if the representation of particular groups is lower in their workplace than in the geographic area and if so they will need to develop an affirmative action plan with targeted…
Carrington, W.J., & McCue, K., Brooks, P. (2000). Using establishment size to measure the impact of Title VII and affirmative action. The Journal of Human Resources, 35(3), 503-523.
Kelly, E., & Dobin, F. (1998). How affirmative action became diversity management. American Behavioral Scientist, 41(7), 960-984.
Lee, R.A. (1999). The evolution of affirmative action. Public Personnel Management, 28(3),
Affirmative Action Case
Affirmative Action Case Fisher v. Texas Summarize the case's key arguments Fisher v. Texas is about two white students who were denied admission to the University of Texas in 2008. They felt discriminated against based upon the fact that the school overly relied on race to determine who will be admitted. Both students sued the university. They allege that race is giving unqualified candidates an advantage over applicants (based upon ethnicity). As they felt that there were more neutral indicators. That could be utilized to determining the best applicants. ("Fisher v. Texas," 2013) (Wermeil, 2011) At the heart of their argument, was the fact that this policy violated the Equal Protection Clause under the 14th Amendment. It also went in direct conflict with Texas House Bill 588. It states, that the University of Texas will accept anyone who is in the top 10% of their high school graduating class. This…
Fisher v. Texas. (2013). NCSL. Retrieved from:
http://www.ncsl.org/research/education/affirmative-action-court-decisions.aspx
Wermeil, S. (2011). SCOTUS for Law Students. SCOTUS Blog. Retrieved from:
http://www.scotusblog.com/2011/10/barbara-grutter-meet-abigail-fisher/
Affirmative Action Should Not Be Used in Business Corporations
Affimative Action The Ameican Civil Wa ended an Afican holocaust that had lasted almost thee centuies, devastating geneations of human beings. It took most of the next centuy fo decedents of the Aficans enslaved in the Ameican States to enjoy any of the actual feedoms and ights that wee supposed to have been guaanteed to them afte 1865. In many espects, contempoay Ameican cultue still featues esidual consequences of Slavey in the eveyday lives of black Ameicans. Affimative Action developed unde the Civil Rights movement initiated by the Kennedy Administation in the 1960's. Foty yeas late, the U.S. Supeme Cout is still heaing aguments epesenting two diametically opposite views of Affimative Action, in pinciple, most ecently, on June 23, 2003, when it econsideed the issue in elation to its landmak uling of 1978. (1,2) The spectum of political opinion on the issue stetches vey wide indeed: On one hand, thee…
references based on racial identity. A failure to ignore the latter consideration undermines the moral and philosophical concerns expressed by the former, to the detriment of business, individual rights, the achievements of highly qualified minority candidates, and American society.
7) Carter, L.H., Reason In Law (p. 101)
1. Carter, L.H. Reason In Law; 1979 (Little Brown and Co.)
2. Grutter v. Bollinger, (02-241) 288 F.3d 732, affirmed. Accessed at http://supct.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/02-241.ZO.html
Affirmative Action Programs Have Helped Countless Numbers
Affirmative action programs have helped countless numbers of minorities achieve positions of power. Because racial and gender prejudices have prevented people of color and women from being promoted, being hired, or being accepted to certain academic institutions, affirmative action programs are necessary to enforce equal opportunity laws. While some people might contend that affirmative action constitutes "reverse racism," I feel that prejudices are often unconscious and deeply rooted. Therefore, affirmative action is necessary to ensure an even playing field for all persons, regardless of race, ethnicity, religion, or gender. In my personal experience, affirmative action has made college campuses more diverse and therefore more representative of the world as a whole. I would not want to go to school or work in a homogenous environment, especially since American culture is heterogeneous. I have witnessed affirmative action work, because I know that many minorities that are in positions of power at…
Affirmative Action Recommendation for Affirmative
Affirmative action simply paints a broader picture of the person being considered and helps overcome implicit selection bias or favoritism for groups that are more 'like us.' Although we might like to think so, in the words of President Clinton: "The job of ending discrimination in this country is not done" (Harris 1995) Affirmative action works by setting flexible goals for the organization, and these goals "are based on the percentage of qualified minorities and women in the region" (Kangas, 2006). A company that searches in good faith but fails to find qualified minorities or women is not penalized for their failure, and unlike in a quota system, a "company incurs no legal penalty if it makes a good-faith search but still cannot meet its goals. Affirmative action allows an employee's contribution to the diversity of the company to be a factor in recruiting and hiring decisions" but it is…
Federal Equal Opportunity Laws." (2007). The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission. Retrieved 6 Mar 2007 at http://www.eeoc.gov/abouteeo/overview_laws.html
John F. Harris. (20 Jul 1995) "Clinton Avows Support for Affirmative Action."
The Washington Post. P A01. Retrieved 7 Mar 2007 h ttp:/ / www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/affirm/stories/aa072095.htm
Affirmative Action Is the Nation's
The continued subordination of blacks in the work place is due to persistent discrimination at all stages of the employment process, from recruitment to interview, job offer, and promotion. Studies conducted in the 1990's by the Urban Institute in Chicago, show significant levels of discrimination in the labor market against black and Hispanic job applicants. The discrimination that previous generations of blacks experienced in the labor market also harms modern blacks' employment prospects today. n important aspect of the labor market disadvantage suffered by frican-mericans is their high unemployment rate. Unemployment rates for frican-mericans are twice as high as those are for whites. The problem is particularly bad for eighteen- to nineteen-year-old blacks, which suffer unemployment rates above 30%. In a study conducted by the Urban Institute of Chicago, researchers found that young white men were offered jobs 45% more often than the young black men were. This result reveals…
An important aspect of the labor market disadvantage suffered by African-Americans is their high unemployment rate. Unemployment rates for African-Americans are twice as high as those are for whites. The problem is particularly bad for eighteen- to nineteen-year-old blacks, which suffer unemployment rates above 30%. In a study conducted by the Urban Institute of Chicago, researchers found that young white men were offered jobs 45% more often than the young black men were. This result reveals that some employers were not treating male minority job seekers equally with white males of similar qualifications. Additionally, whites received 52% more job offers than the Hispanics.
The inflation-corrected wages of white women have been on a downturn since the mid-1970s. However, white men have not lost their superior position in the labor market: a substantial gap remains between their wages and those of white women and black men and women. Modest reductions have been made in that gap since 1967. Black men's wages were 69% of white men's in 1967. By 1976 their wages had risen to 79% of white men's. Since then, they have been losing rather than gaining ground on white men. White women gained no ground on white men until the early 1980s; they have been gaining in the years since. In 1995 their wages were 73% of white men's, compared with 6l percent in 1967. Black women have made gains throughout the period, but recently their gains have not matched those of white women. In 1995, black women's wages were 63% of white men's. Presently, current discrimination in the labor market causes black men to earn 12 to 15% less than white men for the same position.
The disparity in black men's wages relative to white men's over the last twenty years indicate that whatever help blacks have received from affirmative action has been modest at best. Affirmative action is the nation's most ambitious attempt to remedy its long history of racial and sexual discrimination. Although considerable improvements have been made, further advances are clearly needed.
Affirmative Action at Disney Company
Disney next shifted its focus on middle and senior management, creating a phase called Integration of Values to Action, which stressed the need for ensuring training of managers on how their actions directly impact AA in the workplace. This included role-playing and illustrating how a manager's role has direct implications on how biases in the workplace are created and supported. The EEOC audits showed a wide variation in the awareness of managers in terms of their ability to nurture and promote AA, or through negligence or a lack of perception, condone it. The last phase of the Disney Diversity Initiative is Leveraging Diversity in the Workplace. This is the capstone segment of the program and illustrates why it is so critical for every company to integrate AA strategies into their core business models, mission and value statements. Summary Contrasting its branding and company image, The Disney Company struggles with Affirmative…
Lin Grensing-Pophal (2001, November). A balancing act on diversity audits. HR Magazine, 46(11), 87-95.
Valerie L. Myers, Janice L. Dreachslin. (2007). Recruitment and Retention of a Diverse Workforce: Challenges and Opportunities. Journal of Healthcare Management, 52(5), 290-8.
Saseen, Jane. 1993. "Disney's bungle book." International Management. July -- August 1993. v48. Page 26
U.S. EEOC, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (1997). EEOC NOTICE. Retrieved July 17, 2009, from EEOC Enforcement Guidance on the Effect of Representations Web site: http://www.eeoc.gov/policy/docs/qidreps.html
Affirmative Action in My Opinion
The Court sets that time period at 25 years, and seems to do so based on the fact that this case arose 25 years after the Court first authorized the use of race as a criterion for admissions. Looking at the changes that have occurred in the past 25 years, the Court believes that the United States may see sufficient changes in the next 25 years to erase the vestiges of slavery and racism. It is important to realize that the University of Michigan's consideration of race in the admissions process was not to correct for past discrimination, but to provide a diverse student body. Therefore, it believed that it achieved a critical mass of minority students when its number of students was sufficient to prevent isolation of a minority student, to educate the entire student-body about minority issues, and to challenge stereotypes. Because the Court did not adopt the…
Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306 (2003).
Affirmative Action the Impact of
In addition to changes in admission policies at universities, new workshops in education are beginning to address this issue head on, with teaching participants being taught that American history and education are both "written from the perspective of whites and that laws and policies benefit whites while putting minorities at an immediate disadvantage." (Fernandez, 1) This has helped to redirect the perspective on Affirmative Action within the profession, where institutions are beginning to espouse it as a legitimate means to balancing merit and racial fairness in both the admission of students and the courtship and hiring of teachers. A recent Supreme Court decision on student admission to the University of Michigan reflected this stance, offering real and applicable precedent that today reverberates in the collective movement to improve conditions for an ethnically diverse range of Americans. In 2000, Gratz v Bollinger began the long process of defending the Constitutionality of…
Works Cited:
Alon, S. (2009). The Evolution of Class Inequality in Higher Education: Competition, Exclusion, and Adaptation. American Sociological Review, 74(5), 731.
Austin, a. (2008). Reversal of Fortune. Washington DC: Economic Policy Institute, pp. 1.
Brunner, B. (2004). Timeline of Affirmative Action Milestones. Black History
Month. Online at http://www.infoplease.com/spot/affirmativetimeline1.html
Affirmative Action at Its Most Objective Definition
Affirmative Action At its most objective definition, affirmative action entails "positive steps taken to increase the representation of women and minorities in areas of employment, education, and business from which they have been historically excluded." Affirmative action acknowledges the presence of institutionalized and systematic forms of discrimination: which may not be apparent to members of the dominant or privileged culture. For example, white males will not even notice that no Blacks serve on the boards of directors in companies he works for. Affirmative action is a policy that seeks to correct institutionalized and systematic discrimination by seeing to it that diversity is both a means and an end. To deny the validity of affirmative action would be to deny that racism or sexism still exist. Given that human beings exhibit poor judgement based on their background, upbringing, and psychological biases, and given the presence of institutionalized discrimination, affirmative action remains…
Brunner, B. (2007). Affirmative action history. Infoplease. Retrieved online: http://www.infoplease.com/spot/affirmative1.html s
Froomkin, D. (1998). Affirmative action under attack. Washington Post. Retrieved online: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/affirm/affirm.htm
Fullinwider, R. (2009). Affirmative action. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved online:
Affirmative Action Why We Need to Reform
Affimative Action: Why We Need to Refom It It is widely believed that the Ameican society is a "melting pot" whee membes of acial, ethnic, eligious, and sexual minoities eventually mold into the mainsteam, becoming full-fledged citizens of the county. The eality, howeve, is much moe complicated. While it is tue that Ameica offes many oppotunities to all its citizens, thee is a histoy of discimination against minoity goups that affects the Ameican society even today. Afican-Ameicans wee confined to the shackles of slavey fo thee hunded yeas and fo anothe hunded yeas of institutionalized discimination, while othe minoity goups and women had to stuggle had to win civil ights and make the Ameican society moe egalitaian. The Ameican society has pogessed to the point whee most citizens believe that eveyone should be entitled to equal ights egadless of one's ace, colo, gende, ethnicity, o eligion. And it is because…
references in Black and White. New York: Routledge.
Affirmative Action According to Shirley
Perhaps it's time that politics follows suit. Without denying that we are indeed diverse, it is necessary to recognize that we are all human beings. Diversity makes us human, but discrimination violates the potential bonds of friendship within the societies in the United tates. Politicians and federal officials might do well to revisit the meaning of the constitution and of the very name of the country: we are United, diverse, unique, and deserve opportunities on the same level as everybody else. Only then can we be truly equal. ources Andre, Claire, Velasquez, Manuel & Mazur, Tim. "Affirmative Action: Twenty-five Years of Controversy." Issues in Ethics, v. 5, n. 2, ummer 1992. http://www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/iie/v5n2/affirmative.html Brunner, Borgna. "Bakke and Beyond: A History and Timeline of Affirmative Action." Pearson Education, 2000-2005. http://www.infoplease.com/spot/affirmative1.html Fullinwider, Robert. "Affirmative Action." tanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2005. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/affirmative-action/ chulman, Miriam. "Affirmative Action or Negative Action." Issues in Ethics, v. 7…
Schulman, Miriam. "Affirmative Action or Negative Action." Issues in Ethics, v. 7 n. 3, Fall 1996. http://www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/iie/v7n3/affirmative.html
Wilcher, Shirley J. "The History of Affirmative Action Policies" first published in Motion Magazine, October 12, 2003. Americans for a Fair Chance, Washington, D.C., 1995-2006. Available online:
http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/aahist.html
Affirmative Action Ever Since the Upheavals of
Affirmative Action Ever since the upheavals of the 1960s precipitated a fundamental change in the way the United States regards civil rights, the notion of affirmative action has been regularly discussed and misunderstood throughout the national discourse. Requirements that certain employers enact affirmative action plans began with an executive order on the heels of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title VII of which specifies that employers may not discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. The executive order requiring that certain employers take affirmative action has subsequently been misunderstood to mean something other than it really does, because this order is nonetheless constrained by Title VII. By examining precisely which employers must maintain affirmative action plans and what those plans require them to do, one may understand the extent and limitations of affirmative action and how it relates to Title VII. Before considering affirmative…
Kelly, E, & Dobbin, F. (2001). "How affirmative action became diversity management:
employer response to antidiscrimination law, 1961-1996" in Color lines: affirmative action, immigration, and civil rights options for America. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Rubenfeld, J. (1997). Affirmative action. Yale Law Journal, 107(2), 427-472.
U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Ohio Advisory Committee. (1998). Employment opportunities for minorities in Montgomery county, Ohio. Retrieved from http://www.usccr.gov/pubs/sac/oh0300/ch1.htm
Affirmative Action Has Been an Issue of
Affirmative Action has been an issue of great debate and controversy since its establishment. Because of the very fact that such legislation was deemed needed is indicative of the mass inequality existing in a country that was formed on the basis of the individual liberties and justice. Affirmative Action is a legal and social response to help eliminate the historical and social inequities of minorities and women and America. The deployment of a social progress regime enforced by law reminds us as a society, how grossly impaired we are in upholding and actualizing the virtue that "all men (and women) are created equal." Critics of Affirmative Action are many; dismantling Affirmative Action is of continued debate. This paper will discuss why some criticize Affirmative Action and well as an advantage and a disadvantage of eliminating the legislation. Criticisms of Affirmative Action The largest and most frequent criticism of Affirmative Action…
Arguments For and Against Affirmative Action - StateUniversity.com Blog. Online University Degree Search - U.S. University Directory - State Universities and College Rankings. Retrieved February 11, 2012, from http://www.stateuniversity.com/blog/permalink/Affirmative-Action-Arguments-For-and-Against.html
A. Whiteness. (n.d.). Myth: Affirmative Action is Justified Only Under a Perpetrator-Victim Model. autoredirect to main site. Retrieved February 11, 2012, from http://academic.udayton.edu/race/04needs/affirm15c.htm
Affirmative Action in Order to Evaluate Whether
Affirmative Action In order to evaluate whether Fairview County Public Library's affirmative action plan is valid, identifying the basis for its implementation is necessary. Affirmative mainly serves to redress the injustices caused by a society's historical discrimination against people of color, women and other minority groups by leveling the uneven playing ground (Maltz, 2005). Through affirmative action, institutions and organizations attempt to foster diversity in a liberal and democratic society. This is exhibited by prestigious institutions of higher learning. Admission policies on affirmative action have been effective in aligning the balance of opportunity and power whilst ensuring that formerly excluded societal groups are currently included in the system (Bennett-Alexander & Hartman, 2009). Evidently, the affirmative action plan will be valid when it creates a level playing field for a minority group biased in the current system. It is important to clarify why three of thirty supervisors in the library branches…
Bennett-Alexander, D.D., & Hartman, L.P. (2009). Employment law for business (6th ed.). New
York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Maltz, L. (2005). Affirmative action. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press.
Affirmative Action Refers to the Initiative of
Affirmative action refers to the initiative of the government that gives special preference to minority groups and women in order to effectively tackle the problem of under-representation of these disadvantaged groups. Over the years, however, despite this action being both legal and moral in nature, this initiative has sparked intense controversy and has been the subject of passionate debates in academic and political circles. In the article under consideration, the author draws our attention to the various arguments raised in favor of and against affirmative action over the past forty years. The best thing about the article is author's completely unbiased and objective attitude towards the issue and his ability to draw conclusions after reasonably impartial analysis of facts, figures and arguments. The article brings forth various different legal and philosophical theories in connection with affirmative action to show how the issue became controversial and highly contentious. The article focuses…
Affirmative Action in Hiring and Firing in the Ad Industry and or Ad Firms
Affirmative Action in Hiring and Firing in the Ad Industry and/or Ad Firms Advertising in the United States means a lot of money and as much as $2.1 million is spent on each advertisement during the Super Bowl advertisements lasting for 30 seconds. There is now a question as to whether the composition of workers within the industry, both in the creative sections and in the non-creative sections will affect the effectiveness of the advertising they create. It is true that today there are a lot more of black people being shown on the national television commercials. Whether they are being shown in suitable roles or not can be disputed, but they are certainly present in greater numbers. Today there are many commercials with black people on an increasing number of stations than at any previous time in history. There are of course not enough people being shown with other…
Advertisers avoid Black Media. Retrieved at http://www.blackjournalism.com/advertis1.htm. Accessed on 11/09/2003
Bynum, Russell; Solutions to the lack of blacks in the advertising industry. Retrieved at http://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/stories/1997/01/13/editorial4.html . Accessed on 11/09/2003
Meridith, Denise. My View, Diversity in advertising fights prejudice, attracts buyers. Retrieved at http://phoenix.bizjournals.com/phoenix/stories/2003/03/10/editorial3.html . Accessed on 11/09/2003
National Association of Black Owned Broadcasters, Spring Conference, 1996, pp 1-2
Affirmative Action Benefits of Affirmative
(African-American Policy Forum, 2009) Asian-Americans are also benefitting from affirmative action programs and for example it is related that the "...(a) the Small usiness Administration's Section 8(a) program has greatly benefited Asian-American-owned businesses. The Wall Street Journal estimates that affirmative action helped Asian-American-owned businesses more than double their share of contracts in a ten-year period, going from 10.5% of contracts in 1986 to 23.7% of contracts in 1996." (African-American Policy Forum, 2009) Asian Pacific Americans are particularly aided by affirmative action in trades such as law enforcement, firefighting and contracting. enefits to Latino-Americans include race-conscious admission and recruiting strategies at universities to encourage Latino enrolment in schools. In addition, "Publicly funded English-as-a-Second Language (ESL) programs for Latino students help both the Latino community" and the community at large. (African-American Policy Forum, 2009) it is additionally stated that "Native Americans also benefit tremendously from affirmative action programs" in that "Affirmative action…
Focus on Affirmative Action (2009) the African-American Policy Forum. Online available at http://aapf.org/focus/episodes/oct30.php
How Affirmative Action benefits American (2006) Affirmative Action American Psychological association. Online available at http://www.apa.org/pubinfo/HowAffirmActBenAmerica.pdf
Pearlman, M.W. And Daniels, G. (nd) Affirmative Action Benefits all of Society. Online available at http://www.state.ct.us/FOI/Articles/affirmative_action_benefits_all_.htm
S. Army is recruited from minority groups and they undergo rigorous training to match high standards. (ushefsky, 2002) Further various universities in the United States have adopted the requirements of the Supreme Court to provide reservation to racially discriminated students. This is also a step towards diversity in educational institutions. (Hamilton, 2001) the method followed by University of California is a good reference for providing preference to minority groups. The University recruits minority faculty and scholarships are arranged for high achieving deprived students from minority groups. However this requirement-based program has been criticized by the opponents of affirmative action that it involves cost to the University and thus restricts the number of eligible candidates. (ushefsky, 2002) Further the institution of affirmative action in the United States has been adopted by various private companies to bring about a transformation in the society. Multinational companies take up policies that favor diversity in…
American Psychological Association. (2008) "A Policy That Suffers an Identity Crisis" Retrieved 14 February, 2008 at http://www.apa.org/pubinfo/affirmaction.html
Hamilton, Charles V. (2001) "Beyond Racism: Race and Inequality in Brazil, South Africa, and the United..." Lynne Rienner Publishers
Rushefsky, Mark E. (2002) "Public Policy in the United States: At the Dawn of the Twenty-First
Century" M.E. Sharpe.
Affirmative Action and Full Spectrum
It seeks to enhance group diversity and individualism in the workplace and in educational institutions. The emphasis is shifted. Instead meeting compulsory affirmative action principles and strategies, the full spectrum diversity approach focuses on creative ways to achieve more diversity. Instead of being driven by something external (as Affirmative Action was by the government), the new system uses internally-based incentives to accomplish full spectrum diversity. Companies that are committed to full spectrum diversity change their organizational structure in order to encourage minority success. They try to eliminate the weaknesses in affirmative action practices and to view diversity, not as an unpleasant requirement the company must comply with minimally (the "token" black receptionist, for example), but as an asset to business that should be enhanced and developed for the benefit of all. Programs, policies, orientation, and corporate culture all reflect this change in attitude and approach.
Affirmative Action in Hiring Affrimative
With this ruling the Court upheld legality of affirmative action. In considering the reasoning behind the Court's upholding of the highly debated principle, the rationale was that to remedy past discrimination, a program that is race-based must be put into effect. Clearly, the Court was concerned with becoming intertwined in the daily administration of academic programs, and the same would have likely held true for the workplace. The Bakke case had two primary effects in the workplace. It gave the employers the power to enact programs that it felt were necessary in order to promote diversity in the workplace without the risk of being sued for discrimination or having their program being declared invalid by the courts. One interesting observation regarding the history of affirmative action programs in the workplace was that the traditionally government enforced programs and were not applicable against private employers under the U.S. Constitution and the…
Almanac of Policy Issues (1995 July 19). "Affirmative action history and rationale."
Affirmative Action Review: Report to the President, Clinton White House Staff.
Retrieved from:
www.policyalmanac.org/culture/archive/affirmative_action_history.shtml
Affirmative Action Policies Grew Out of a
Affirmative action policies grew out of a need to address the historic discrimination against minorities and women. Since its inception, affirmative action has helped open the door for many minorities seeking gainful employment and higher education. However, the same policies have also spawned charges of reverse discrimination against others and, paradoxically, of harming the very people they were intended to help. This paper looks at whether affirmative action policies remain relevant today, with a particular focus on racial minorities such as African-Americans and Latinos. In the first part, the paper defines affirmative action, traces the policies' history and examines their goals. The second part is a critical examination of the arguments of affirmative action supporters. The third part studies the arguments against affirmative action by evaluating both the policies' effectiveness and their deleterious consequences for African-Americans and other racial minorities. In the conclusion, this paper maintains that though they were…
Bowen, William G. And Derek Bok (1998). "The Shape of the River: Long-term consequences of considering race in college and university application." Excerpted in Race Relations. Mary E. Williams (ed). San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 124-130.
Brookings Review (1998). "Affirmative Action: What Everyone Hates in Theory but Likes in Practice." Excerpted in Interracial America. Mary E. Williams (ed). San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 153-156.
Chavez, Linda (1996). "Promoting Racial Harmony." Excerpted in The Affirmative Action Debate. George E. Curry (ed). Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley Publishing, 314-325.
Cohen, Carl (1998). "Race Preference in College Admission." Excerpted in Interracial America. Mary E. Williams (ed). San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 144-152.
Affirmative Action and Elitist Theory the Last
Affirmative Action and Elitist Theory The last half of the 1900's saw a major change in society where people became more interconnected than ever before. Women entered the workforce and began to take on similar roles to men. This has continued up to the present time where the change is still continuing. People of different cultures also became more interconnected than ever before. Cultural barriers broke down and all cultures began to mix and began to be seen more equally. This may be a continuing trend, but equality is far from a reality. Women and men are still seen as different and still continue to be viewed differently in the workplace. Different cultures are also viewed differently. While on the surface, society may call for equality, on a realistic level, there is no doubt that people are still separated based on their differences. It must also be noted that this…
AAAA: The American Association for Affirmative Action. (2002). AAAA Educational Foundation, Inc. Retrieved November 14, 2002, from AAAA. Web site: http://www.affirmativeaction.org/foundation/index.html
AADAP: Americans Against Discrimination And Preferences. (2002). Biographies: AADAP Board of Directors. Retrieved November 14, 2002, from AADAP. Web site: http://www.aadap.org/T-custred.shtml
BAMN: The Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action & Integration, and Fight for Equality By Any Means Necessary. (2002). Home page. Retrieved November 14, 2002, from BAMN. Web site: http://www.bamn.com/
CBS. (2001, August 10). Affirmative On Affirmative Action? CBSNews.com. Retrieved November 14, 2002. Web site: http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2001/08/10/national/main305847.shtml
Affirmative Action With the Realms of Procurement and Contracting
Affirmative Action in Procurement/Contracting Affirmative action programs in procurement are amongst the more significant government programs proposed to progress self-employment prospects for minorities as well as women. In essence, the policy on affirmative action with regard to procurement or contracting necessitates that business concerns owned by women or the minorities, shall have the utmost gaining prospect to take part as supplies for goods and services. This also takes into account construction, irrespective of whether bought with a grant, contract or organizational funds. In accordance to Marion (2011), statistics indicate that in the year 2002, about 7% of federal procurement funds were granted to underprivileged enterprises and initiatives, through the Small Business Administration (SBA). In addition, it is a prevalent feature for numerous national and local government agencies to offer preferential treatment to organizations that are minorities (Marion, 2011). In recent periods, the decisions made by the law courts and the…
Bates, T., Williams, D. (1996). Preferential Procurement Programs and Minority-Owned Businesses. Journal of Urban Affairs 17:1, pp. 1-17.
Blanchflower, D. G., & Wainwright, J. (2005). An analysis of the impact of affirmative action programs on self-employment in the construction industry (No. w11793). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Chay, K., Fairlie, R. (1998). Minority Business Set-Asides and Black Self-Employment. Mimeo, U. of California, Berkeley.
Fairlie, R., & Marion, J. (2012). Affirmative action programs and business ownership among minorities and women. Small Business Economics, 39(2), 319-339.
Affirmative Action the End of
Moreover, the Court stated that affirmative action could not become a permanent policy and suggested that sometime in the future, when affirmative action would no longer be necessary to promote diversity, it would no longer be permissible for universities to employ affirmative action in their admissions process (See generally, Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306 (2003)). Given the incredible advancements in the struggle for equality over the past half-century, it is conceivable that the Supreme Court is right, and that affirmative action will no longer be necessary in another quarter of a century. Getting a job One of the more pervasive myths about affirmative action in employment decisions is that if equally-qualified white and black people are applying for a job, the black person is more likely to get the job. That is simply and patently, untrue. First, it is impossible to have to identically-qualified applicants, which makes it an…
13 myths about affirmative action. (2008). Retrieved March 7, 2009 from African-American
Policy Forum. Web site: http://aapf.org/tool_to_speak_out/focus/
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).
Executive Order 10925. (1961). Retrieved March 7, 2009 from the Equal Employment
Affirmative Action the Term 'Affirmative Action' Collectively
Affirmative Action The term 'affirmative action' collectively refers to the positive steps that have been taken to increase the representation of minority groups in business, employment, and college admissions by according them preferential treatment in a bid to make up for the injustices committed against them in the past (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2001). Its contestation, defense, and development often proceeds along two paths -- administrative and legal (in the form of executive orders or court rulings requiring organizations to practice affirmative action) and public debate (in the form of literature showing the pros and cons of such preferential treatment). A notable case of the former was witnessed a few years back, when the Supreme Court ruled against three white students from the University of Michigan who had challenged the university's selection policy, which gave students from minority groups higher points, on grounds that it encouraged race-based discrimination (Messerli, 2012).…
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2001). Affirmative Action. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 6 March 2015 from http://www.civilrights.org/resources/civilrights101/affirmaction.html
The Leadership Conference. (2015). Affirmative Action. The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights. Retrieved 6 March 2015 from
Affirmative Action Defined Affirmative Action
Hence, it is important for the proper application of the AA idea that those who make the anti-discrimination and AA policies understand both sides of the story and both the discriminator's and the victim's perspectives. So, in essence those groups of people who disagree on certain ideas or approaches towards justice must try to adopt an unbiased approach to understanding the reason behind the existence of the differences and resolve them through negotiation. This particular approach will allow the phenomenon of AA to be ethically acceptable in the long run (Katznelson, 2006). There are many researchers who also support the use of the distributive format of justice for maintaining equality instead of the compensatory format of justice. This is so because many of these researchers believe that compensatory justice does not have an impact on the discriminatory act instead it mainly compensates ad tries to make up for the harm…
Boston, T and Nair-Reichert, U. (2003). Affirmative Action: Perspectives from the United States, India and Brazil. The Western Journal of Black Studies, 27.
Bulman-Pozen, J. (2006). Grutter at Work: A Title VII Critique of Constitutional Affirmative Action. Yale Law Journal, 115
Chambers, D.L., Clydesdale, T.T., Kidder, W.C. And Lempert, R.O. (2005). The Real Impact of Eliminating Affirmative Action in American Law Schools: An Empirical Critique of Richard Sander's Study. Stanford Law Review. 57: 6.
Chronicle of Higher Education. (2001). College enrollment by racial and ethnic group, selected years. Chronicle of Higher Education Almanac. Available: http://chronicle.com/weekly/almanac/2001/nation/0102002.htm
Affirmative Action Is Defined as
One of the arguments that all the writers make is that despite the issue of merit, some employers are inherently racist. This may be true in that people always have an internal bias in them, about different things. ut what becomes the best corrector against race-based hiring is that not having the best employees for a job will cut into profit margins and cause employers to gladly hire African-Americans if they are most qualified for a position. The alternative is to go out of business. What the authors also do not realize is that the market forces are the best forces to ensure equity and employment and not outside artificial interference. The next paragraph will show this. One of the difficulties in arguing against affirmative action is that any such analysis comes across as racist. ut one of the best examples of why affirmative action should be eschewed is professional…
Badgett, Mary Virginia Lee, et al. "The Economic Cost of Affirmative Action." Economic Perspectives on Affirmative Action. Eds. Mary Virginia Lee Badgett and Margaret C. Simms. Washington, DC
Lanham, MD: Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies;
Distributed by University Press of America, 1995. x, 97
Cornell. Grutter V. Bollinger Et Al. 2003. Cornell University Law School. Available:
Affirmative Action Programs Have Been
There are still others that feel that affirmative action programs are still not doing enough, which is easy to argue given that women and minorities are still not equally represented in the highest ranks of a majority of organizations across several different industries. What can companies due to improve the situation? It is vital that organizations do everything possible to maintain a strong and solid image in the eyes of consumers. When organizations fail to recognize discriminatory practices, they may cause consumers to adopt a negative view of organizational practices. In addition organizations must work to ensure that any affirmative action programs that are currently in place are organized in a manner that does not promote 'reverse discrimination.' Managers must work directly with staff to help educate staff members regarding the need for equal opportunity measures, and help assuage any fears employees or managers may have regarding affirmative action. There…
Carlton, M., Donahue, W., Garcia, B., Hawkey, P., Johnson, D. & Watson, D. (1997).
Affirmative action and affirming diversity." Public Management, 79(1): 19
Stroud, S. (1999). "The aim of affirmative action." Social Theory and Practice, 25(3):
Affirmative Action Is the General Term Used
Affirmative action is the general term used to describe the de facto and de jure social policies that attempt to eliminate or alleviate the challenges that racial minorities have faced in the United States over nearly the entire history of the nation. Acts of discrimination became a particularly extreme social problem after the U.S. Civil war and during the early years of the reformation, when the nation and its people were attempting to reconcile old hatreds and beliefs of inequality with laws that did not reflect their unfortunately harsh discriminatory opinions. Affirmative action as it is seen today is the results of such struggles, as the civil rights movement. It is in practice the recognition of race as a determining factor for the ability of some to be accepted to colleges and universities, which have previously been attended mostly by the racial majority, and/or receiving preferential treatment in hiring, especially…
Dietz-Uhler, B., & Murrell, A.J. (1998). Evaluations of Affirmative Action Applicants: Perceived Fairness, Human Capital, or Social Identity?. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 38(11-12), 933+. Retrieved September 30, 2004, from Questia database, http://www.questia.com .
Hodges-Aeberhard, J. (1999). Affirmative Action in Employment: Recent Court Approaches to a Difficult Concept. International Labour Review, 138(3), 247. Retrieved September 30, 2004, from Questia database,
Affirmative Action Is a Temporary
Affirmative action is also meant to be a temporary remedy, but knowing when and how to eliminate affirmative action programs will be difficult. Proponents of affirmative action argue that the practice is an effective way of eliminating bias in the admissions process and of ensuring that more minorities and females are granted opportunities for upward social mobility and for holding positions of power. Without a doubt minorities and women have been passed over due to overt or unconscious biases. A disproportionate number of white males hold positions of power in many institutions. Furthermore, diversity is necessary to bolster the democratic process in a country as heterogeneous as the United States. Affirmative action may be the only method to create diverse populations in all social, political, and educational institutions and places of business. Until discrimination has been wholly removed from the public consciousness, affirmative action is necessary and should be used…
Affirmative Action Plan in Human Resources
Affirmative Action Plan It is a fact that there has been discrimination in employment, where minorities, women, veterans and the disabled are sidelined in favor of the rest of the population. This ought to be provided with equitable access to employment opportunities and this is exactly what affirmative action plan does. By statistical analyses of the demographics, affirmative action programs are able to do away with the negative effects of employment discrimination, in an inclusive manner and without regard to gender, race and disabilities (HRUnlimited, 2018) Affirmative action is a major concern for many employees. The laws of affirmative action affect all federal government workers, as well as private medium sized to large scale enterprises. Students in institutions of higher education (averaging about 16 million in the U.S.) are also affected by affirmative action laws. Citizens are normally left debating whether affirmative action policies are fair. The US openly claims…
Affirmative Action Pros and Cons
Affirmative Action: Doing More Harm Than Good Today There was a time in America's not-too-distant past when affirmative action programs were necessary to address the inequalities in access to education and employment that were institutionalized throughout the country. Today, though, the civil rights movement is over and the Fourteenth Amendment ensures that all U.S. citizens enjoy the full range of protections under the law, including the Bill of ights. Indeed, some affirmative action programs today are denying access to otherwise-qualified candidates for the very same reason these social reform programs were implemented in the first place: the color of their white skin. According to Black's Law Dictionary (1990), affirmative action programs are "required by federal statutes and regulations designed to remedy discriminatory practices; i.e., positive steps designed to eliminate existing and continuing discrimination, to remedy lingering effects of past discrimination and to create systems and procedures to prevent future discrimination"…
Black's law dictionary. (1990). St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co.
Wickelgren, A.L. (2008, Spring). Affirmative action: More efficient than color blindness. Texas Journal on Civil Liberties & Civil Rights, 10(2), 165-171.
Affirmative Action and Discrimination
Affirmative action plans are not the same as diversity plans. These differ in several ways, with the most notable being that affirmative action is a law, and diversity plans are simply created by companies wanting to incorporate various levels and types of diversity into their organizations (Anderson, 2004). In other words, employers must follow affirmative action requirements, but they do not have any requirement to have a diversity plan. This is an important distinction, because many employers mistakenly believe that they can create their own diversity plan, and that will meet the affirmative action requirements if they are ever questioned about the issue (iccucci, 2002). This is not the case, though, and can land employers in some serious trouble if they mistakenly believe that they are doing enough to bring diversity into their workplace. By ignoring the actual law in favor of their own diversity plan, they are putting their…
Anderson, T.H. (2004). The pursuit of fairness: A history of affirmative action. NY: Oxford University Press.
Riccucci, N.M. (2002). Managing diversity in public sector workforces. NY: Westview Press.
Affirmative Action in Today's Society
Those who support affirmative action generally advocate it either as a means to address past discrimination or to enhance racial, ethnic, gender, or other diversity. They argue that the end result -- greater diversification -- justifies the means and that this want happen if simply left to chance. However, preferential hiring as compensation for past discrimination is ridiculous "since it benefits individuals (blacks and women possessing good educational credentials) least likely harmed by past wrongs while it burdens individuals (younger white male applicants) least likely to be responsible for past wrongs." Affirmative action does nothing to identify those who are truly in need such as those from economically disadvantaged backgrounds. There's no reason why an affluent black person should be given special consideration over a poor white candidate who has most likely confronted far more roadblocks in pursuing an education and a good career. The notion that businesses can't obtain…
1) Pojman, Louis P., ed. "The Case Against Affirmative Action." Office of the Dean. United States Military Academy a West Point. 10 Nov. 2005 http:///www.dean.usma.edu/english/pojman/PublishedWorks/AffirmativeAction.html.
2) Richard Sander, "A Systemic Analysis of Affirmative Action in American Law Schools," Stanford Law Review, 57 (Nov. 2004), 478,449,460.
3) Harrison, Jon, ed. Grants for Minorities. 15 Sept. 2005. Michigan State University Libraries. 12 Nov. 2005 http://www.lib.msu.edu/harris23/grants/3specpop.htm .
4) Bliwise, Robert J., ed. "Reaffirming Affirmative Action." Duke Magazine Sept.-Oct.2003.
Affirmative Action Cornel West It Book The
Affirmative Action Cornel est. It book "The Conscious Reader" By Caroline Affirmative Action has been a highly controversial topic in the United States ever since it initially emerged out of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960's. This issue is explored in depth in Cornell est's essay, "On Affirmative Action," which was initially published in George Currey's The Affirmative Action Debate in 1996. The principle reason why affirmative action has been so widely debated within the U.S. is that there are many within this country who believe that ultimately, this piece of legislation helped to remove qualified candidates for critical jobs and enrollment positions in institutions of higher learning in favor of under qualified minorities. est's article analyzes the various pros and cons of this issue from both sides -- those who are in favor of it and those who have traditionally opposed it. A thorough analysis of this piece…
Bowen, Deirdre. "Meeting Across the River: Why Affirmative Actions Needs Race & Class Diversity." Denver University Law Review. 2011. Web. http://www.law.du.edu/documents/denver-university-law-review/v88-4/Bowen_ToPrinter_92611.pdf
Greenburg, Jan. "New Haven, Ct. Firefighters Claim Reverse Discrimination." ABC News. 2009. Web. http://abcnews.go.com/TheLaw/SCOTUS/story?id=7393908&page=1#.UXV8STWykyc
Jensen, Richard. "No Irish Need Apply." Journal of Social History. 2002. Web. http://tigger.uic.edu/~rjensen/no-irish.htm
West, Cornell. "On Affirmative Action." The Conscious Reader. New York: Longman. 2011. Print.
Affirmative Action Refers to the Positive Steps
Affirmative action refers to the positive steps such as policies, rules, and regulations which take represent minority groups in the work place with the final benefit of making them represented in the workplace to counter the effects of discrimination. Some of the discrimination factors that against which affirmative action are instituted are race, religion, sexual orientation, gender, color, and national origin Pynes, 2008() Position on affirmative action Affirmative action helps to eliminate discrimination in the workplace. It helps to end unfair treatment of employees or students based on their characteristics such as race, color, etc. This helps to create an equal employment opportunity environment for the workers since there will be no stereotyping and they will all be given an equal chance of succeeding at what they do. Also, affirmative action ensures that the minority groups are represented in the workplace Beauchamp, 1998() However, on this line, affirmative action has…
Beauchamp, T.L. (1998). In Defense of Affirmative Action. The Journal of Ethics, 2(2), 143-158.
Holzer, H.J., & Neumark, D. (2000). What Does Affirmative Action Do? Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 53(2), 240-271.
Pynes, J. (2008). Human resources management for public and nonprofit organizations: a strategic approach. New York: Jossey-Bass.
Sowell, T. (2004). Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study. London: Yale University Press.
Affirmative Action Help or Hinder
It has been reported that due to the economic disparity the available opportunities have been inaccessible for the minority groups, and therefore such initiatives are important to be formulated which facilitate the minority groups in their quest to reach the mark. Affirmative Action is incorporated once the society has failed to materialize the society value equality and fairness. Affirmative Action are installed only to regret the failure on the behalf of the state to ensure equality and justice to the people irrespective of the racial, sexual, ethnic and religious divisions, therefore the Affirmative Action has diluted the heavily concentrated ethnic and racial vigor, and has subdue the negative fallout of such practices. Affirmative Action has brought ultimate relief to those particular elements of the society which were previously ignored, and whose existence was previously deplored in the society. The American society has although benefit from the implementation of the Affirmative…
James P. Sterba. Affirmative Action around the World: An Empirical Study. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. Journal Title: Stanford Law Review. Volume: 57. Issue: 2. 2004
Ronald Dworkin. A Matter of Principle. McGraw-Hill. pp. 294-303. 1985.
Randall Kennedy. Persuasion and Distrust: A Comment on the Affirmative Action Debate. Thomson South-Western Publication. 1987. pp. 165-180
Jed Rubenfeld. Affirmative Action. Yale Law Journal. Volume: 107. Issue: 2. 1997. pp. 213-230. Yale University, School of Law Publication.
Affirmative Action Still Falls Short
Unfortunately, at least according to the literature researched here, these are neither sufficiently addressed nor remedied, in most cases, by affirmative action alone at the post-secondary level. orks Cited Bowen, illiam G., and Bok, Derrick. The Shape of the River: Long-term Consequences of Considering Race in College and University Admissions. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1998. Comer, J. And Poussaint, Alvin. Black Child Care. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1975. Constitution of the United States. Microsoft Encyclopedia Encarta, 1-32. Retrieved August 8, 2005, from Microsoft orks Suite 2000 (CD-ROM), Disc Dred Scott Case. Microsoft Encyclopedia Encarta, 1-3. Retrieved August 8, 2005 from Microsoft orks Suite 2000 (CD-ROM), Disc 3. Eaton, James. Strengthening Collegiate Education in Community Colleges. San Jose, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1994. Kozol, Jonathan. Savage Inequalities. New York: Crown, 1993. 4. McCormick, R.L. "Advancing Diversity in a Post-Affirmative Action State: Implications for the Future." Paper presented to the Association…
Bowen, William G., and Bok, Derrick. The Shape of the River: Long-term
Consequences of Considering Race in College and University Admissions.
Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1998.
Comer, J. And Poussaint, Alvin. Black Child Care. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1975.
Affirmative Action Is No Longer Useful Affirmative
Affimative Action is No Longe Useful Affimative action once had a place in Ameican society. It povided a jump-stat of sots to minoities and women in the wok place who had no suppot infastuctue to speak of in place pio to its inception. But, now, afte seveal decades of acial and gende quotas, Ameican businesses and colleges ae discoveing that Affimative Action is no longe seving the pupose it once was. It is the pupose of this pape to demonstate that affimative action is an outmoded fom of legalized discimination and that it is haming the Ameican wokfoce athe than helping it. Poponents of affimative action claim that it continues to be elevant because of the still-emaining undecuent of acism and sexism at the coe of copoate Ameica. Thei claim is that thee ae thousands of examples of people of colo, white women, who had been as a goup excluded…
references in law school admissions, the other upholding them in undergraduate admissions (Schrag, 25).
Schools are not only having to actually use a racial bias when admitting students, they are having to accept students who otherwise would not be able to enter college not because of their race or gender, but because of their school performance - which is what has always formed the primary differentiating point between candidates for seats in schools (Dowling, 6). Affirmative action may have helped out a lot of people - it gave a very large number of people of color and women a leg-up, an artificial boost to help equalize their foundation so as to be able to encourage the achievement and hiring of others like them. But, in the name of affirmative action, schools and businesses are forced into making decisions that they shouldn't have to. The workplace is very diverse, the numbers of CEO's that are female and/or minority is rising (and CEO is not a listed position on affirmative action lists). The practice, simply put, is no longer necessary.
Works Referenced
Dowling, William C. "Enemies of Promise: Why America Needs the SAT." Academic Questions. Wntr, 2000. v13. i1. p6.
Schrag, Peter. "War on the SAT: with affirmative action rolled back, University of California President Richard Atkinson wants to ditch the controversial standardized test as the be-all, end-all of college admissions." May 6, 2002. v13. i8. p24(4).
Affirmative Action Is Still an Important Factor
affirmative action is still an important factor in the sociopolitical makeup of the United States. This policy has radically changed employment and school admission policies around the county. To eliminate affirmative action at this point in time would have an adverse affect on women and minorities across the country. Affirmative action works. A study done by the U.S. Labor Department indicates that affirmative action has been responsible for a positive move in the workforce for five million minorities and six million white women. As the preceding paragraph states, progress has been made. However, women still make seventy-six cents for every male dollar earned and African-Americans continue to have twice the unemployment rate of white people. One of the primary myths about affirmative action is that it has a negative effect on the white workforce. This is not true. In Ten Myths about Affirmative Action, Scott Plous writes, "according to the…
Plous, Scott. "Ten Myths about Affirmative Action." Journal of Social Issues. 1996. Vol. 52. Pgs. 25-31. http://www.understandingprejudice.org/readroom/articles/affirm.htm
Preventing Discrimination and Promoting Diversity." In Motion Magazine. 2003. http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/idaa/ahawkins.html
Affirmative Action and How Affirmative
4.1. Describe how diversity of workers has been impacting organizations, including organizations for which you have worked recently. The diversity of the workers has been impacting organizations on multiple levels. For instance, it has forced them to become more attentive in order to avoid any accusations of discrimination; in other words, it has forced them to become even more focused on performance, rather than other criteria, such as gender, race, ethnicity, religious appurtenance, sexual orientation and so on. Also, the growing workforce diversity has generated an increased awareness of relationships and authority within the work climate (Skaggs and DiTomaso). Then, aside from these, the increase of workforce diversity has generated an increased organizational capability of adapting to change; it has improved communications and has allowed the employees to become more flexible and understand and accept the cultural differences (Jensen, 2011). 4.2. For many individuals, the nature of work and jobs…
Affirmative Action and Why it
Those favoring it argue it is unfair to have the same requirements for select minorities as for others. Those opposed believe it's unfair that the more qualified candidate loses an opportunity to a less qualified member of a preferred group. Their logic is simple: discrimination on the basis of race, creed, color or sex is wrong. This position has made some progress, winning several significant court battles. it's been so successful that affirmative action proponents have abandoned their traditional line of reasoning that it makes up for past discrimination. Diversity is now a goal in its own right, but only of racial or ethnic group. There are many arguments to be made against assuming that an individual's racial or ethnic group is the definitive characteristic for them; however, there is a stronger reason to oppose this diversity argument than its assumption that race makes character. There is little difference in…
Doyle, Rebecca. "Affirmative action goals misunderstood by most, panelists say." Umich.edu.
1996. Umich.edu. 2 May 2005 http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/9596/Jan23_96/artcl16.htm .
Potucek, Rachel. "Affirmative action: Pros and cons." K-State Perspective. 2003. K-State
Perspective. 2 May 2005 http://www.mediarelations.ksu.edu/WEB/News/Webzine/0203/aapros&cons.html .
Affirmative Action in Higher Education
Alamo of affirmative action, the University of Michigan. The contradictory stances of Bush and Powell on this issue are dealt with. So is the position of Gerald Ford who believes like the proponents of affirmative action that affirmative action procedures lead to diversity at the educational institutions and opportunities for the minorities that are seen as a must to be offered. Affirmative Action in Michigan Diversity and Achievement Is affirmative action the victim of its own success? That is one conclusion to be drawn from Gratz v. Bollinger and Grutter v. Bollinger, two cases challenging affirmative-action policies at the University of Michigan. Affirmative action has always counterposed two basic aspects of the American notion of equal opportunity. Opponents argue that taking race or gender into account in hiring or university admissions is discrimination pure and simple. Proponents counter that taking such characteristics into account redresses a legacy of discrimination; in…
Agence France Presse English. (2003. January). Powell disagrees with Bush on controversial race case.
Commonweal. (2001. March). The diversity dilemma, pp 5.
Staff Editorial. (2003. January). EDITORIAL: Be honest on affirmative action. University Wire.
White, J.E. (1999). Society: Dividing Line: Affirmative Action's Alamo Gerald Ford returns to fight once more for Michigan. Time, pp 48.
Affirmative Action Was White Review
In the speech that Canon, Colman & Mayer reprint; "You warmly commended the Birmingham police force for keeping "order" and "preventing violence." I doubt that you would have so warmly commended the police force if you had seen its angry dogs sinking their teeth into six unarmed, non-violent Negroes, I doubt that you would so quickly commend the policemen if you were to observe their ugly and inhuman treatment of Negroes her in the City Jail; if you were to watch them push and curse old Negro women and young Negro girls; if you were to see them slap and kick old Negro men and young boys; if you were to observe as they did on two occasions, refuse to give us food because we wanted to sing our grace together. I cannot join you in your praise of the Birmingham Police Department." (140) the message her is clear and…
Canon, David, Coleman, John & Mayer, Kenneth. The Enduring Debate: Classic and Contemporary Readings in American Politics, Fifth Edition. New York: Norton, 2008.
Katrznelson, Ira. When Affirmative Action Was White, New York: Norton, 2005.
Lowi, Theodore J., Ginsberg, Benjamin, Shepsle, Kenneth a. American Government: Power and Purpose, Tenth Edition. New York: Norton, 2008.
Affirmative Action Just About Everyone Has Heard
Affirmative Action? Just about everyone has heard of affirmative action these days, but just what is it, really? Is it something only minorities really benefit from? Is it really as controversial as some people seem to think? Affirmative action is a term people use, but what it really means can be very misleading. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy defines affirmative action as "positive steps taken to increase the representation of women and minorities in areas of employment, education, and business from which they have been historically excluded" ("Affirmative Action"). "Positive steps" can mean many things, but here, they are meant to mean that women and minorities should enjoy the same rights and opportunities that anyone else in this country enjoys. It sounds simple, and it was meant to be simple, but the entire idea of affirmative action has become very controversial. Affirmative action was not a widely used term until…
"Affirmative Action." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 4 March 2005. 14. Oct. 2005.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/affirmative-action / >
Affirmative Action Possible Disadvantages as Previously Seen
Affirmative Action Possible Disadvantages As previously seen, it is clear Affirmative Advantage is not entirely beneficial to all. Although it promotes greater diversity in the workplace, which is essentially a prime solution for combating ongoing prejudice, it also promotes reverse discrimination. Thus, there are some clear disadvantages the solution presents in regards to its attempt to resolve a lack of diversity within the work and academic environments. Along with the notions of reverse discrimination and mismatching, Affirmative Action also creates a situation where race and gender is unintentionally still being a part of the hiring process. It is crucial for modern firms to use Affirmative Action within a blended and holistic approach to hiring; it should help promote diversity, while not being a rigid system of quotas that diminishes the power of merit within the workplace. In a world-based entirely on equality, race and gender would not even go into…
Espenshade, Thomas J. (2012). Moving Beyond Affirmative Action. The New York Times. Web. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/05/opinion/moving-beyond-affirmative-action.html?_r=0
Fallon, Richard H. (1996), Affirmative Action Based on Economic Disadvantage. UCLA Law Review. Web. http://academic.udayton.edu/race/04needs/affirm13.htm
Scott, Sherrie. (2102). What Are the Disadvantages of Affirmative Action in the Workplace? Small Business Chronicle. Web. http://smallbusiness.chron.com/disadvantages-affirmative-action-workplace-10728.html
Scott, 2012
This is a particular problem at the nation's colleges and universities. This has become so much of an issue that law suits and verdicts have been handed down in…
Affirmative Action is an organization of policies and designed procedures aimed at assisting in the elimination of discrimination against women and other minorities in the human society, together with…
Affirmative action is an initiative based on a set of policies that are intended to eradicate both present and past prejudice against women and minority in areas of employment…
Affirmative Action is an extremely important concept since it is vital to the operation of America as a democracy. It reinforces the affirmation of the Constitution that all people…
Annotated Bibliography
Affirmative Action Lit eview Affirmative Action eview of Literature Has Affirmative Action outlived its use in today's society? And if so should the program change or simply come to…
Actually, state agencies and institutions of higher learning have continued to rely upon the Supreme Court decisions and federal legislation to enforce the policies of affirmative action since 1978.…
Research Paper
Many federal courts have held that community law enforcement agencies may adhere to the stipulations of the Equal Protection Clause if an organizational need validates the employer's intentional affirmative…
Research Proposal
367) Accoding to Sande, none of these questions have been asked effectively and theefoe we as a nation continue to believe that affimative action is a necessay social development…
..aims to compensate people for past discrimination and its effects. A main effect of past discrimination is current competitive disadvantage; affirmative action gives victims a competitive advantage to compensate…
Furthermore, it is also believed that the evolution of American society is at a point where all forms of discrimination can be done away with. Dworkin therefore appears to…
Affirmative Action is the set of public policies and initiatives designed to help eliminate past and present discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Affirmative action…
If affirmative action is permissible by law and sustainable by the Constitution, then it makes sense that universities would be allowed to continue their legacy admissions. The morality and…
Criticism of Affirmative Action Over the years, specific criticisms of Affirmative Action have developed as a result of the endless debate and legal wrangling over the issue, as well…
This agency reviews affirmative action programs and addresses complaints, violations or issues with non-compliance (Skrentny, 2001). The nondiscrimination section of the executive order applies to all contractors and subcontractors…
Affirmative Action Case Fisher v. Texas Summarize the case's key arguments Fisher v. Texas is about two white students who were denied admission to the University of Texas in…
Affimative Action The Ameican Civil Wa ended an Afican holocaust that had lasted almost thee centuies, devastating geneations of human beings. It took most of the next centuy fo…
Affirmative action programs have helped countless numbers of minorities achieve positions of power. Because racial and gender prejudices have prevented people of color and women from being promoted, being…
Affirmative action simply paints a broader picture of the person being considered and helps overcome implicit selection bias or favoritism for groups that are more 'like us.' Although we…
The continued subordination of blacks in the work place is due to persistent discrimination at all stages of the employment process, from recruitment to interview, job offer, and promotion.…
Disney next shifted its focus on middle and senior management, creating a phase called Integration of Values to Action, which stressed the need for ensuring training of managers on…
The Court sets that time period at 25 years, and seems to do so based on the fact that this case arose 25 years after the Court first authorized…
In addition to changes in admission policies at universities, new workshops in education are beginning to address this issue head on, with teaching participants being taught that American history…
Affirmative Action At its most objective definition, affirmative action entails "positive steps taken to increase the representation of women and minorities in areas of employment, education, and business from…
Affimative Action: Why We Need to Refom It It is widely believed that the Ameican society is a "melting pot" whee membes of acial, ethnic, eligious, and sexual minoities…
Perhaps it's time that politics follows suit. Without denying that we are indeed diverse, it is necessary to recognize that we are all human beings. Diversity makes us human,…
Affirmative Action Ever since the upheavals of the 1960s precipitated a fundamental change in the way the United States regards civil rights, the notion of affirmative action has been…
Affirmative Action has been an issue of great debate and controversy since its establishment. Because of the very fact that such legislation was deemed needed is indicative of the…
Affirmative Action In order to evaluate whether Fairview County Public Library's affirmative action plan is valid, identifying the basis for its implementation is necessary. Affirmative mainly serves to redress…
Affirmative action refers to the initiative of the government that gives special preference to minority groups and women in order to effectively tackle the problem of under-representation of these…
Business - Advertising
Affirmative Action in Hiring and Firing in the Ad Industry and/or Ad Firms Advertising in the United States means a lot of money and as much as $2.1 million…
(African-American Policy Forum, 2009) Asian-Americans are also benefitting from affirmative action programs and for example it is related that the "...(a) the Small usiness Administration's Section 8(a) program has…
S. Army is recruited from minority groups and they undergo rigorous training to match high standards. (ushefsky, 2002) Further various universities in the United States have adopted the requirements…
It seeks to enhance group diversity and individualism in the workplace and in educational institutions. The emphasis is shifted. Instead meeting compulsory affirmative action principles and strategies, the full…
With this ruling the Court upheld legality of affirmative action. In considering the reasoning behind the Court's upholding of the highly debated principle, the rationale was that to remedy…
Affirmative action policies grew out of a need to address the historic discrimination against minorities and women. Since its inception, affirmative action has helped open the door for many…
Affirmative Action and Elitist Theory The last half of the 1900's saw a major change in society where people became more interconnected than ever before. Women entered the workforce…
Transportation
Affirmative Action in Procurement/Contracting Affirmative action programs in procurement are amongst the more significant government programs proposed to progress self-employment prospects for minorities as well as women. In essence,…
Moreover, the Court stated that affirmative action could not become a permanent policy and suggested that sometime in the future, when affirmative action would no longer be necessary to…
Affirmative Action The term 'affirmative action' collectively refers to the positive steps that have been taken to increase the representation of minority groups in business, employment, and college admissions…
Hence, it is important for the proper application of the AA idea that those who make the anti-discrimination and AA policies understand both sides of the story and both…
One of the arguments that all the writers make is that despite the issue of merit, some employers are inherently racist. This may be true in that people always…
There are still others that feel that affirmative action programs are still not doing enough, which is easy to argue given that women and minorities are still not equally…
Affirmative action is the general term used to describe the de facto and de jure social policies that attempt to eliminate or alleviate the challenges that racial minorities have…
Affirmative action is also meant to be a temporary remedy, but knowing when and how to eliminate affirmative action programs will be difficult. Proponents of affirmative action argue that…
Human Resources
Affirmative Action Plan It is a fact that there has been discrimination in employment, where minorities, women, veterans and the disabled are sidelined in favor of the rest of…
Affirmative Action: Doing More Harm Than Good Today There was a time in America's not-too-distant past when affirmative action programs were necessary to address the inequalities in access to…
Affirmative action plans are not the same as diversity plans. These differ in several ways, with the most notable being that affirmative action is a law, and diversity plans…
Those who support affirmative action generally advocate it either as a means to address past discrimination or to enhance racial, ethnic, gender, or other diversity. They argue that the…
Affirmative Action Cornel est. It book "The Conscious Reader" By Caroline Affirmative Action has been a highly controversial topic in the United States ever since it initially emerged out…
Affirmative action refers to the positive steps such as policies, rules, and regulations which take represent minority groups in the work place with the final benefit of making them…
It has been reported that due to the economic disparity the available opportunities have been inaccessible for the minority groups, and therefore such initiatives are important to be formulated…
Unfortunately, at least according to the literature researched here, these are neither sufficiently addressed nor remedied, in most cases, by affirmative action alone at the post-secondary level. orks Cited…
Affimative Action is No Longe Useful Affimative action once had a place in Ameican society. It povided a jump-stat of sots to minoities and women in the wok place…
affirmative action is still an important factor in the sociopolitical makeup of the United States. This policy has radically changed employment and school admission policies around the county. To…
4.1. Describe how diversity of workers has been impacting organizations, including organizations for which you have worked recently. The diversity of the workers has been impacting organizations on multiple…
Those favoring it argue it is unfair to have the same requirements for select minorities as for others. Those opposed believe it's unfair that the more qualified candidate loses…
Alamo of affirmative action, the University of Michigan. The contradictory stances of Bush and Powell on this issue are dealt with. So is the position of Gerald Ford who…
In the speech that Canon, Colman & Mayer reprint; "You warmly commended the Birmingham police force for keeping "order" and "preventing violence." I doubt that you would have so…
Affirmative Action? Just about everyone has heard of affirmative action these days, but just what is it, really? Is it something only minorities really benefit from? Is it really…
Affirmative Action Possible Disadvantages As previously seen, it is clear Affirmative Advantage is not entirely beneficial to all. Although it promotes greater diversity in the workplace, which is essentially…
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Essays on Affirmative Action
Affirmative action policies in american colleges and universities, the policy of affirmative action and individual responses to such policies, the effectiveness of the implementation of race-based affirmative action in college admission, the debate over the implementation of affirmative action in higher-educational institutions, conflicting views on the idea of affirmative action, affirmative action: pros and cons, fight against affirmative action: pros and cons, pros and cons of affirmative action, pros and cons of affirmative action in college admissions, race-based affirmative action in postsecondary institutions, an examination of the supporters and opponents of affirmative action, failure of the affirmative action in ending racism in the u.s, analysis of the effectiveness of affirmative action in our society, the affirmative action speech and the necessity for the affirmative action in the united states, evaluation of the problems associated with affirmative action, transparency and accountability within the american college admission system and the idea of affirmative action, feeling stressed about your essay.
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Affirmative Action Essays
Problem of discrimination in plain sight.
Race relations has arguably been the most divisive and hotly contested issue in contemporary American politics and throughout United States history. A solution to this issue in the past was to “level the playing field” through programs now colloquially named affirmative action. Many people feel that these programs are necessary to either counteract injustices or ensure the advancement of certain minorities. However, there is evidence to show that affirmative action has become a form of discrimination in and of itself […]
An Analysis of Ira Katznelson’s Affirmative Action Proposals
For political scientist Ira Katznelson (Columbia University), racism in the United States is not only a historical evil, it is a present-day, government-institutionalized evil. In his book When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America, Katznelson argues that the only way for United States society to bridge the gap created between minorities, specifically African Americans, and whites is for the federal government to actively create policies that favor minorities. Katznelson justifies this claim by […]
Affirmative Action and its Concequences
In 1961, Affirmative action was signed into action by John F. Kenndy. It was created March 6, 1961 from executive order 10925 in reaction to non-discrimination against any employee applicant. As defined by US Legal, affirmative action is the process of a business or governmental agency in which it gives special rights to hiring or advancement to ethnic minorities to make up for past discrimination against that minority. In short, the intent of the law is to open up opportunities […]
History of Affirmative Action Creation
Affirmative Action Affirmative Action was created by President John F. Kennedy through an executive order in 1961 and continued through Lyndon B. Johnson presidency and so on. The reasoning behind affirmative action was to promote diversity and to end job discrimination. It was a way to even the playing field so that minorities had a chance to purse higher education or a career field. It was to level the social inequality that many oppressed minority groups had to face at […]
The Dilemma of Affirmative Action
According to Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, “Affirmative action means positive steps taken to increase the representation of women and minorities in areas of employment, education, and culture from which they have been historically excluded. When those steps involve preferential selection?”selection on the basis of race, gender, or ethnicity affirmative action generates intense controversy(Fullinwinder,2009). With this being said, incorporation of ethics plays a crucial role in ensuring achievement of a fair and just community where everyone is perceived as equals which […]
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Issues of Affirmative Action Laws
Some students have a background, identity, interest, or talent that is so meaningful they believe their application would be incomplete without it. If this sounds like you, then please share your story. This is a typical prompt offered as a supplementary essay for the Common Application. The Common Application is an undergraduate admission application that can be used to apply to any number of 700 member colleges all with the simple push of a button. This question and many other […]
Affirmative Action Policy
Attention Getter: According to data from the National Center on Education Statistics (NCES), in 2007, 70 percent of white high school graduates immediately enrolled in college, compared to 56 percent of African American graduates and 61 percent of Hispanic graduates. More recent data from NCES reports some changes in this gap, most notably for African American students. The updated report finds that in 2011, 69 percent of white high school graduates immediately enrolled in college, compared to 65 percent of […]
Definition of Affirmative Action
What is Affirmative Action? The general view of minority representation in the American higher education system had historically appeared to be quite bleak. The racial diversification of America’s higher education system has been at the forefront discussion among those in the industry since the creation of higher education itself. There have been monumental Supreme Court decisions that would allow the argument in favor of renovating the study body population to gain momentum and ultimately help to dismantle America’s longstanding “separate […]
Debates Around Affirmative Action Issues
Affirmative action is a largely debated topic in the political world. It is a policy that was formed in 1961 and favors people who are often discriminated against, such as African Americans, Asians, and more, especially in employment or education. It is often used to help disadvantaged citizens of the United States to gain an advantage in certain scenarios. Affirmative action doesn’t simply prefer one race over another, it just takes race out of the decision process. I believe that […]
A Rhyme and a Reason for Affirmative Action
The only thing more detrimental to a nation-state than an uninformed citizen is a citizen that is equipped with misinformation. In the past decades that have passed since the Civil Rights era of the 1960s, American society has viewed a plethora of federal government actions that have dealt with the constitutionality of favorable and race-conscious decisions; however, none more important or controversial than that of the federal government approval and enforcement of affirmative action. In short, affirmative action is the […]
Aim of Affirmative Action Policies
Affirmative Action policies are to improve opportunities for historically excluded groups in American society due to factors such as race, color, sex, religion, or national origin. The main focus of Affirmative Action policies is on education. In institutions of higher education, Affirmative Action aims to provide equal access and opportunity to education for the groups that have been historically excluded, such as women and racial minorities. Affirmative Action first came out after the 1960’s Civil Rights Movement. In 1961, President […]
Affirmative Action does it Hinder or Help Students in Higher Education
Under the recent Trump Administration, affirmative action has reversed the Obama-era policy that advised institutions to diminish race in one of the many factors into their admissions practices and policies. While many constituents are divided on affirmative action, the narrative of this policy has been framed through the media in a way that has caused a divide within higher education. As a country, the United States empathizes the importance of equality and equity among U.S. citizens including individual’s in higher […]
Affirmative Action in the Workplace
Affirmative action is a “government, or private, program designed to redress historic injustices against specific groups by making special efforts to provide members of these groups with access to educational and employment opportunities. Affirmative action was created in an effort to change unequal distribution of benefits including positions, income, and property. Since its execution in the United States at 1965, affirmative action has been the hot issue of discussion causing quite a stir in all aspects. Affirmative action has been […]
Why Affirmative Action should be Banned
Affirmative action should be banned because it harms minorities and discriminates against non minorities. The solution is to ban any kind of race based, gender based, or economic based affirmative action. Colleges should judge the applicants only by their educational standards and determine if that individual meets the college’s academic requirements. Whatever gender, race or economic class a student belongs too shouldn’t matter. Affirmative action in college is the strategy of promoting members of society who belong to a race […]
Affirmative Action: an Outdated and Detrimental Practice
The concept of affirmative action has been persistent in America since the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. Beginning in 1961, with Executive Order 10925, President John F. Kennedy declared that the U.S government and its contractors would “take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed and that employees are treated during employment without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin (US Department of Labor). According to the Cornell University Institute of Law, affirmative action is defined […]
Affirmative Action and its Main Aim
Affirmative action is an active effort to improve employment and educational opportunities for members of a minority groups and for women. The affirmative action is used to ensure the respect of diversity within the public. It was implemented to provide equality in a workplace environment and education settings. In this essay, I will provide a brief history of affirmative action, explain all meeting goals and shortfalls and the impact of affirmative action in a workplace. Affirmative action was first introduced […]
Main Functions of Affirmative Action
Affirmative action generates an environment where equal employment opportunity can grow. Additionally, affirmative action is also compensatory and helps to reform the effects of past discrimination. Affirmative action aims to achieve a positive effect in reducing discrimination and creates new opportunities for those who were historically discriminated against such as women, people with disabilities, African Americans, Hispanics, and those of elderly age. Affirmative action changes according to three important sectors. The sectors are education, government contracting, and employment. According to […]
Is Affirmative Action Useful?
“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness (Declaration of Independence, 1776).The concept of affirmative action was introduced in the early 1960s in the United States, as a way to combat racial discrimination in the hiring process, with the concept affirmative action was designed for providing benefits to those people that do not […]
The Death Penalty
The death penalty is a widely controversial subject that involves the execution of an individual as a form of punishment to deter individuals in a society from committing the same crime. I believe the death penalty is a form of evil that cannot be justified or reasoned in any way by taking the life of a person. Not only does this process take years, where a prisoner is essentially put on a waitlist for death row, but also takes a […]
Crash Movie Critique
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Educational System in America
Introduction In the past, education in America was exclusive and did not include a diverse demographic pool, women, and people of color were not a part of major decisions. And yet, today the dichotomy in the education system is still unsettling due to racial inequality. African Americans and women alike are victims of the lasting effects of racism and oppression. It was not until the 19th century where school was highly regarded as a serious matter in the United States. […]
The Affirmative Action and the Discrimination with Employment
Segregation is characterized as making a qualification for or against someone or something dependent on the gathering, class, or classification to which that individual or thing has a place with instead of on individual legitimacy. Segregation does identify with only one significance as well as a few, and it very well may be depicted from various perspectives. This activity isn’t just hostile however harmful also. Denying any individual work on account of their race, sexual introduction, religion, or sex is […]
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The Debate Over Affirmative Action: Is Affirmative Action justified? Affirmative action had its origin in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, yet an extreme discussion whether governmental policy regarding minorities in society is a decent open approach has happened in the ongoing decades in the United States. This paper will argue that affirmative action reinforces stereotypes and for all time embeds them into the country’s system. Therefore, affirmative action isn’t legitimized and it even reinforces racism, which still remains a major issue in our society. This paper has three parts. In the first, I will argue why affirmative action has to be seen as a reinforcement of stereotypes and racism. The second part of the paper will discuss an important objection to my argument I am presenting and offer an alternative response. In the third, I will present another important objection to my argument and offer an alternative response. Affirmative Action as Reinforcement of Stereotypes and Racism Affirmative action involves that individuals who are given a position only dependent on this policy usually do not meet all requirements for it, and the idea that all individuals under that race are for the most part not qualified and could not accomplish the position without this special treatment is called racism. It, therefore, assumes that all individuals of a similar race are from a lower class, and require extra help since it is assumed that they would not have the capacity to accomplish it on their own. By giving them a special treatment dependent on this policy it seems like saying that they are unable to accomplish it by themselves. It puts minorities in the perspective that they can not accomplish their goals with their own capacities or diligent work. This supports stereotypes and racism and even inserts it permanently into the country’s system. A race-based policy brings an undesirable stigma and minorities need to work considerably harder to prove that they have earned their position. The way how individuals are placed into boxes like that and separated depending on their appearance is humiliating, noxious, and simply just wrong and even worse to make it a law. Race and sex segregation remain a critical issue in our nation, yet affirmative action ought to be about class and helping lower class citizen, and not about race. Even though this society has to master many challenges and obstacles to become a nation in which each and every individual is treated equally and with the same respect, but putting affirmative action permanently into the country’s system goes into the wrong direction. In Steels opinion affirmative action causes more harm than good for minorities and underlines their inferiority. This causes and supports that white people feel superior and reinforces racism. He states that it has the effect of ‘stigmatizing the already stigmatized’ and legitimize it by the policy of affirmative action. There is no need for a policy to demonstrate that minorities have the same abilities to reach specific positions.
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- What is Affirmative Action?
- Affirmative Action is Reverse Discrimination
- Affirmative action has failed because of a lack of political will
- Conflicting Views on The Idea of Affirmative Action
- Affirmative Action in Higher Education
- Considering the progress if ever there is of civil rights in America
- History of Affirmative Action
- Affirmative Action: Racism or Not?
- Dismantling Affirmative Action
- Derrick Bell’s “Space Traders”
- Affirmative Action in Foul Shots by Rogelio Gomez
- Reservation in India
- Transparency and Accountability Within The American College Admission System and The Idea of Affirmative Action
- What Were Affirmative Action Programs Originally Designed To Encourage?
- What should we Know about Affirmative Action
- A Dismiss Affirmative Action
- Analysis of The Effectiveness of Affirmative Action in Our Society
- Education: Important Role in Human Life
- Pros and Cons of Affirmative Action
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- I am Against Affirmative Action
- Affirmative action at the work place
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Affirmative Action
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Affirmative Action has been an issue of contention since its inception during the Civil Rights struggles of mid 20th century America. Discrimination could no longer be tolerated and the Unites States government had an obligation to encourage equality at all levels of the social infrastructure. The main type of discrimination being addressed by Affirmative Action programs was racial discrimination. The Merriam Webster dictionary defines racism as: ‘a belief that race is the primary determinant of
Affirmative Action Affirmative action is necessary when a qualified student loses their deserved place at a university because they are black. When a woman more qualified than a man is denied a job because of her gender, affirmative action is necessary. Affirmative action is necessary to run a stable society. Affirmative action is defined in the dictionary as a policy or program for correcting the effects of discrimination in the employment or education of members of certain groups such as women
Affirmative action
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Affirmative Action Affirmative action is a policy that was designed in the 1960s to ensure the elimination of discrimination and sustain the races which suffered from discrimination by giving the minorities an advantage over white people if they are trying to get into a college or get employed. However, In the later years, affirmative action has caused reverse discrimination and has gone against the only intention that it was created for which was to terminate discrimination and help the minorities
Despite there is a widespread support for affirmative action in education, the paper argues that affirmative action is merely a means of reverse discrimination against white and Asian students alike, creates a mismatch in colleges, and restricts students from reaching their potentials. In order to help the readers to thoroughly understand the issue, the paper first gives a brief history about affirmative action while defines the term itself and reverse discrimination. Using statistics, the argument
Affirmative Action Affirmative action can be defined as action taken to compensate for past unfairness in the education of minorities. The current system of affirmative action allows universities to admit applicants from certain ethnic and minority
affirmative action
Affirmative action is just because it gives a fair advantage to black Americans, women and other minorities who have suffered from the effects of social injustice in our country. Majorities have constantly opposed affirmative action because they view it as an injustice directed to them. In Grutter v Bollinger, one can say that affirmative action is just because it is a benign discrimination. One might say that the law school?s consideration of African Americans, Hispanics and Native American student
Affirmative Action Affirmative Action, policies used in the United States to increase opportunities for minorities by favoring them in hiring and promotion, college admissions, and the awarding of government contracts. Depending upon the situation, “minorities” might include any underrepresented group, especially one defined by race, ethnicity, or gender. Generally, affirmative action has been undertaken by governments, businesses, or educational institutions to remedy the effects of past discrimination
solution… affirmative action. Affirmative action forces businesses and colleges to hire a certain number of minorities including women, so as to fill a government assessed quota. The solution is not to get even with the white males by disregarding either their hard work through high school to achieve the grade to get into their desired college or their superiority over a competitor for a job position just because the competitor happens to belong to a minority group. Affirmative Action was created
Under the Affirmative Action policy, or preferential hiring, the firm must hire someone who is underrepresented. As strange as it seems, this type of situation occurs everyday, and many wonder why the policy is legal. I never really understood why affirmative action is legal. In affirmative action's beginning, the government needed laws to help aid the blending of minorities and women in American workforce and culture. During the Civil Rights movement of 1960's, affirmative action was implemented
Affirmative Action was first signed into law by President John F. Kennedy on March 6, 1961. This act outlawed the discrimination of individuals because of their race, creed, color, or national origin in the work place, educational venues, and contract bids in a business setting. The law was partially made in response to schools and workplaces still dragging their feet on abolishing segregation and to remedy past discriminations. However, it is becoming less and less needed or welcomed in the educational
Affirmative And Affirmative Of Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action- The results When the topic of affirmative action is brought up, we immediately think when whites and black were segregated and how blacks fought for equality. However affirmative action is more than allowing blacks and whites and any other minorities attend the same school. Affirmative action is about permitting not only blank men and women, but also other racial minorities that were for times excluded, to have a “fair chance” at education and employment. Affirmative action played
Affirmative Action Few social policy issues have served as a better gauge of racial and ethnic divisions among the American people than affirmative action. Affirmative action is a term referring to laws and social policies intended to alleviate discrimination that limits opportunities for a variety of groups in various social institutions. Supporters and opponents of affirmative action are passionate about their beliefs, and attack the opposing viewpoints relentlessly. Advocates believe it overcomes
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Affirmative Action Affirmative action is a blanket term that refers to “the set of public policies and initiatives designed to help eliminate past and present discrimination based on race, color, sex or national origin,” (Sykes). Before the Civil Rights Acts of 1965 and the 1954 Scott v. Topeka decision, there were “unwritten laws and protection for white men” against competition from women and ethnic minorities in prestigious professions, creating blatant inequality (Alsbrook). Affirmative
civil rights of minority groups. From this concern, a program called affirmative action evolved. Like other civil right movements, the affirmative action movement was implemented to promote equality. Like some Americans, I am strangely confused when anyone talks about affirmative action. The reason that I have such confusion is the way people word the term affirmative action. If you ask one person who is in favor of affirmative action, his or her response is going to be different from someone who is
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qualified workers? Affirmative action has become an important topic in today’s society to better diversify the different races in America. Affirmative action is a set of public policies that were designed for the elimination of discrimination toward race, color, sex, etc. These policies are under attack today because of the unfairness toward the more qualified people. Increasing opportunities for a minority that has suffered past discrimination is the cause for affirmative action, and for the reverse
Affirmative action is the nation’s most ambitious attempt to redress its long history of racial and sexual discrimination, however in modern times and approximately forty years after the establishment of this policy, society is plagued with the issues of whether affirmative action is necessary, whether it is a benefit or detriment to society, and why it incites rather then eases the nation’s internal dilemmas after so many years of having been in effect. In the following paragraphs the issues surrounding
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Affirmative action is an attempt by the United States to amend a long history of racial discrimination and injustice. Our school textbook defines affirmative action as “a program established that attempts to improve the chances of minority applicants for educational or employment purposes, although they may have the same qualifications, by giving them leverage so that they can attain a level that is equal to caucasian applicants” (Berman 522). There are people that support and oppose this issue.
opportunity but artificially that is, judicially enforcing equality of outcome” (Williams 69). John F. Kennedy first introduced the term affirmative action during the era of the Cold War and the civil rights movement. The term is defined as integration of different race, sex, and country of origin into universities and employment (Ana 30). The beginning of affirmative action started with the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by the Johnson Administration. The Civil Rights Act allowed African Americans to attend
Affirmative action, is it still needed in this day and age? Has it accomplished what it was supposed to? Many people say that if America concentrated on programs that provided assistance to the most needy then they would have the opportunities that affirmative action is trying to provide. By going into the ghettos of our cities and stimulating business, thereby, promoting economic growth, the disenfranchised will reap the benefits. Have they been reaping the benefits of affirmation action? As a nation
basic principle. As the Civil Rights Movement called for reform, the government suggested a new ideal understood as Affirmative Action. The belief behind Affirmative Action was to promote and ensure equal rights to all. With hope and the natural dedication of the American people, the government assumed this would finally create the long sought after equality. However, affirmative action has recently become extremely and increasingly unpopular as it begins to affect and hurt more people than it is actually
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Affirmative Action Essay
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Since the 1920’s, women have been fighting for equal rights. Women’s groups spent decades working to pass laws that would ban gender discrimination. Finally, in 1972, the Equal Rights Amendment was passed by Congress even though
The History and Evolution of Title Vii and Its Amendments (Pda, Ada, Adea).
In 1943 Congress introduced the very first equal employment bill but it failed to pass both houses. Congress for the next twenty years introduced equal employment bills but they were either kicked by committee or died under the threat of Senate filibusters. The failure of these bills were no surprise given the history of discrimination in this country but what was a surprise was the success of the equal employment provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
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According to Newman, affirmative action is a “program designed to seek out members of minority groups for positions from which they had previously been excluded, thereby seeking to overcome some institutional racism” (Newman, 536). Affirmative action made its debut with a piece of legislature passed by President Lyndon Johnson in 1964 and continues to this day. However, the concept of affirmative action is a controversial issue that continues to be hotly debated.
Apush Chapter 4
Page 182/chapter 5: I learned that 1960s was the most important year for civil rights legislation. At the same time, women also fought against pay discrimination because women get less pay than men do. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 made such discrimination illegal and women’s pay gradually increases to same rate as men do. I am glad women has equal pay.
The State Of California Overturn Prop 209
Affirmative action was an outcome of the Civil Rights Movement during the 1960s. In the past, affirmative action has been used to improve opportunities with education and employment for excluded minority groups in American society President Kennedy was the first to use this term “in an Executive order that directed government contractors to take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin” (Affirmative Action, 2014).
Affirmative Action: Then vs. Now
In the 1960s when minorities and whites were equal according to the constitution but unequal in reality, a program was needed to level the playing field. Thus the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was created and prohibited discrimination. It marked the beginning of a debate that has been going on for nearly a half of a century. Affirmative action needs to be reevaluated in educational settings in light of current needs.
Jonathan Bain. Mr. Davis. U.S History . Apr. 30, 2017.
One of the repercussions that the NOW had fought for were the Equal Rights Act and Title VII that was included in the Civil Rights Act. The Equal Rights Act was signed in 1963 and was the first federal law against sex-discrimination. Title VII prohibited discrimination in the workforce based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin. These two important pieces of documents were the most significant laws for women equality.
Executive Order 10925: Discrimination Of 1963
In March 1961 Executive Order 10925 was signed into order. It stated that government contractors could not discriminated. This established the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity. It was made as a new determination to end job discrimination. In June 1963 the government passes the Equal Pay Act which means that women and men who do the same work must get same pay. In 1964 the Senate passes the Civil Rights Act. It prohibits discrimination in public accommodations, governmental services, and education. This act prohibits discrimination in basically all aspects of employment. In June 1966 EEOC issues Guidelines on discrimination because of religion.
The Founding Years Of America
n the founding years of America, there has been a struggle for justice amongst treatment of the nation. Equality has been the belief that people of all race, gender, or sexual orientation are created equal, without preference to some groups, until the day that preference to race and gender began to occur within the education frontier. In the hopes of improving chances of like-minded individuals who experienced direct discrimination, Universities were obliged to improve educational opportunities of groups who have experienced prejudice in the past, though a practice called Affirmative Action. The Civil Rights Act was created in 1964 to prohibit discrimination against race, color, religion, or origin in order to create a fair nation. The
Affirmative action is an attempt by the United States to amend a long history of racial and sexual discrimination. But these days it seems to incite, not ease, the nations internal divisions. Opponents of affirmative action say that the battle for equal rights is over, and that requiring quotas that favor one group over another is un-American. The people that defend it say that the playing field is not level, and that providing advantages for minorities and women is fair considering the discrimination those groups tolerated for years. This paper will discuss the history of affirmative action, how it is implemented in society today, and evaluate the arguments that it presents.
The Civil Rights Act Of 1964
1965 through 1970 were years of social progress, a period of time that resulted in major advancements in equality for U.S. citizens. Discrepancies in privilege and opportunity across groups of people were not only identified and determined to be unethical, but many of these issues were also treated with legal remedies. In the earlier part of the decade, President Lyndon B. Johnson was able to complete the monumental task of passing the Civil Rights Act of 1964, officially outlawing discrimination on the basis of origin, gender, race or religion. Discrimination was an issue that not only permeated educational, governmental, occupational and recreational institutions, but also affected the way in which the Bill of Rights was applied to certain groups of people. Though much of the focus of the movement focused on race, women were still fighting to be seen as equal to men.
Essay on Equality and Civil Rights
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Equality and Civil Rights is complex in nature that the 14th Amendment (Equal Protection Clause) is the closest approach to a literal statement of equality, it declares: “No State shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” The clause was originally intended to benefit newly freed slaves. Over time, it has acquired a broader meaning. Today, it forbids states and their local governments to draw unreasonable distinctions between classes of persons. The equal rights amendment (ERA) was introduced in 1923. Their policy was for protection of women and based largely on sexual stereotypes, which has been woven into the legal fabric of American life. This protectionism has limited the freedom of women to compete with men socially and economically on an equal footing. The movement to provide equal rights to women advanced a step with the passage of the Equal Pay Act of 1963. That act required equal pay for men and women doing similar work. On the other hand, to remove the restrictions of protectionism, women needed equal opportunity for employment. They got it in the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and later the legislation. The commitment that led to affirmative action programs expanded opportunities for women, minorities, and those who are disabled.
Argumentative Essay - Affirmative Action
Affirmative action supporters make one large assumption when defending the policy. They assume that minority groups want help. This, however, may not always be the case. They fought to attain equality, not special treatment. To some of them, the acceptance of special treatment is an admittance of inferiority. Some would include me. I believe I can become successful on my own. I don’t need laws to help me get a great job. I along with many others who are against affirmative action want to be treated as equals, not as incompetent. Although discrimination is not placed in a well-distant past, affirmative action is an unneeded and drastic remedy for today’s world (Farron, Steven, 2005)
Essay about Cultural Competency in the Workplace
Martin and Tulgan (2002) claims, “ Affirmative action is the positive steps an employer takes to employ women and minorities in numbers equal to or greater than their availability and to proactively seek to employ those with disabilities and veterans” (p.89). Over the course of the years equal employment opportunity laws and regulations were put in place. The Equal Pay Act was established in 1963 to set pay based on the job category, and to prevent wage differential based on gender. In 1965 the Executive Order 11246 was passed to stop
The Issue of Affirmative Action Essay
A major controversy encompassing the country is the issue of affirmative action. Many believe that the abolition, or at least restructure, of affirmative action in the United States will benefit the nation for many logical reasons. Originally, affirmative action began as an attempt to eliminate discrimination and provide a source of opportunity; affirmative action did not begin as an attempt to support just minorities and women. In addition, affirmative action naturally creates resentment when the less qualified are preferred instead of the people actually deserve the admission or job. Another reason that has existed since the abolition of slavery is the myth that women and ?minorities? cannot compete
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Does Affirmative Action Advance Racial Equality
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Affirmative Action Essay
Affirmative Action
often ignored and are simply not effective. One of these solutions include affirmative action. Affirmative action was first utilized by John F. Kennedy in the 1960’s, and it was designed to foster equality among all, which includes people disregarding their national origin, religion, and gender…
Is Affirmative Action Fair
Is Affirmative action fair? 1 Is affirmative action fair? Does affirmative action help America? No, affirmative action was needed in the past, but has spiraled out of proportion and needs to be fixed. (6) Affirmative action is not fair because it promotes discrimination, unfair workspace, and un-equal opportunity. 2 What is affirmative action? Affirmative action today is when any person or business goes out of their way to accept someone into anything because of their skin color, gender, or…
The Benefits Of Affirmative Action
In 1961, Affirmative Action was set in place. It was started to help protect minorities, women and now those within the LGBT community. We have had great strides with equality within our country, but there is still a need for this act. According to The Leadership Conference, we still need affirmative action due to the fact “white men make up for 48% of the college-educated workforce but hold over 90% of the top jobs in the news media, 96% of CEO positions, 86% of law firm partnerships, and 85%…
Affirmative Action Problems
Affirmative action “is a family of policies aimed at resolving racial, ethnic, and gender inequalities in the United States.” (Hughes & Kroehler, 2013, p. 220). It allows minorities to get equal opportunities and in some cases raises the likelihood that they will get a job. These policies make it so colleges and businesses must accept and hire a certain amount of people from minorities, to show they are not discriminating. I feel that affirmative action is not the most affective way to handle…
Affirmative Action Pros
In today’s society Affirmative Action in Higher Education has been a heated debate for many years now. Affirmative action is a set of guidelines that take into consideration certain factors such as race, color, religion, gender, and origin. With the elimination of Affirmative Action our society and the higher education system has the potential to eliminate stereotyping and discrimination based on race, color, religion, gender, and origin. Martin Luther King Jr. once said "A man should be judged,…
Affirmative Action In College
Affirmative Action in college settings should be taken away because there are more aspects that need to be considered in the college admissions. Today in colleges, “We do treat race and ethnicity differently than region, age, special talents, and the many other considerations that enter into admission decisions” (Fullinwider). Some colleges admit students who are in a minority group just because they are a minority. Those colleges don’t care about where they are from, how they did…
Affirmative Action Debate
In the debate over Affirmative Action, Liberals take their stand as an advocate for affirmative action. They believe that America needs to atone for the history of racism, cruelties and social discrimination towards African-Americans and other minorities. This is achieved through the preferential, or favoring, treatment of minorities. Conservatives do not believe in affirmative action. They believe that people should receive benefits based on ability rather than race. On the contrary,…
Is Affirmative Action Necessary
“Issue # 19: Is Affirmative Action Necessary to Achieve Racial Equality in the United States?” Is Affirmative Action Necessary to Achieve Racial Equality in the United States? Over the years, the policy of Affirmative Action has become a controversial topic throughout the political world. A question many politicians and scholars seem to come across is “is the policy of Affirmative Action Necessary to achieve racial equality in the United States?” Many would argue, yes affirmative action is…
Benefits Of Affirmative Action
Affirmative action is like a main tool to offer qualified individual with equal access knowledge or education and professional possibilities. These policy makes certain that all Americans are considered fairly and equally for educational and jobs opportunities. Affirmation action is about opening up equal opportunity and ensuring that equal opportunity with equal results. Also, affirmation is to improve economic and helps out women and minority groups. 1) People against affirmation action say…
Effects Of Affirmative Action
Essay Prompt #3 An issue I’d like to solve in the United States is effects of affirmative action. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, affirmative action is defined as “an active effort to improve the employment or educational opportunities of members of minority groups and women.” Affirmative action policies generally relate to employment and education opportunities. In regards to education, specifically college, affirmative action relates to admission guidelines that implement fair…
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While affirmative action was developed to help cure all discrimination in the United States, it is quite evident that this policy has been unable to accomplish
Abstract The policy of affirmative action and individual responses to such policies is the focus of this research essay. It opens with a brief discussion on the
A solution to this issue in the past was to “level the playing field” through programs now colloquially named affirmative action. Many people feel that these
1. I am Against Affirmative Action. Words • 2450 · 2. The Changing Meaning of Affirmative Action · 3. Equity in the workplace · 4. The Somali Community · 5. The HR
Free Essays from 123 Help Me | Affirmative Action has been an issue of contention since its inception during the Civil Rights struggles of mid 20th century.
Free Essays from Bartleby | Affirmative Action Marlene S. Smith MGT/434 October 28, 2013 Thomas Affirmative Action Affirmative action is an action that was.
Analyzing Affirmative Action in America doesn't just mean looking at how to make equality, it also means understanding how inequality has been made. Race and
This paper addresses the issue of whether affirmative action promotes racial equality. No, the idea that affirmative act... Read More. 171 views 5 pages
Does affirmative action still have a future in the United States? As a student applies for colleges, for a ticket out of poverty and a step in the direction of
With the elimination of Affirmative Action our society and the higher education system has the potential to eliminate stereotyping and discrimination based on