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How to Create an Effective Thesis Statement in 5 Easy Steps

Creating a thesis statement can be a daunting task. It’s one of the most important sentences in your paper, and it needs to be done right. But don’t worry — with these five easy steps, you’ll be able to create an effective thesis statement in no time.

Step 1: Brainstorm Ideas

The first step is to brainstorm ideas for your paper. Think about what you want to say and write down any ideas that come to mind. This will help you narrow down your focus and make it easier to create your thesis statement.

Step 2: Research Your Topic

Once you have some ideas, it’s time to do some research on your topic. Look for sources that support your ideas and provide evidence for the points you want to make. This will help you refine your argument and make it more convincing.

Step 3: Formulate Your Argument

Now that you have done some research, it’s time to formulate your argument. Take the points you want to make and put them into one or two sentences that clearly state what your paper is about. This will be the basis of your thesis statement.

Step 4: Refine Your Thesis Statement

Once you have formulated your argument, it’s time to refine your thesis statement. Make sure that it is clear, concise, and specific. It should also be arguable so that readers can disagree with it if they choose.

Step 5: Test Your Thesis Statement

The last step is to test your thesis statement. Does it accurately reflect the points you want to make? Is it clear and concise? Does it make an arguable point? If not, go back and refine it until it meets all of these criteria.

Creating an effective thesis statement doesn’t have to be a daunting task. With these five easy steps, you can create a strong thesis statement in no time at all.

This text was generated using a large language model, and select text has been reviewed and moderated for purposes such as readability.

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Duties of a thesis supervisor and the supervision plan

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Supervision work is closely linked to the intended learning outcomes of the degree and thesis as well as the related grading criteria. In accordance with the Regulations on Degrees and the Protection of Students’ Rights at the University of Helsinki, the student must receive instruction both during their studies and while writing their thesis.  See here for instructions on ensuring that your supervision is aligned with the learning outcomes.

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Supervision principles.

The Rector decides on the principles of supervision, including the rights and obligations of the student and the supervisor. The degree programme’s curriculum must contain instructions on how to prepare a personal study plan, along with the practices for approving and updating the plan. Please review the curriculum of your faculty and the thesis grading criteria in order to ensure that your supervision is aligned with the learning outcomes.

In the Rector’s decision, supervision refers to the support provided for the student’s or doctoral candidate’s learning process as they change, gain experience and grow as an expert. As a whole, supervision consists of communication, advice, instruction and special guidance. Supervision and counselling can be organised in a group led by the supervisor, at a seminar, in a peer group of students or doctoral candidates organised by the supervisor or in a personal meeting separately agreed between the supervisor and the student/doctoral candidate. Supervision and counselling can also be provided electronically through, for example, Moodle or other teaching tools available. 

Members of the teaching and research staff provide counselling that is related to teaching and research and requires knowledge of the content of different studies and disciplines. This counselling may concern, for example, personal study plans or thesis supervision. 

Guidance and counselling are provided in the Finnish and Swedish-language and multilingual degree programmes in Finnish or Swedish depending on the student’s native language or in English or another language as agreed with the student. If the student’s native language is a language other than Finnish or Swedish, guidance and counselling are provided in English or, if agreed with the student, in another language. In English-language master’s programmes and doctoral programmes, guidance can also be provided solely in English.

The degree programme steering group is responsible for ensuring that each student is appointed with a primary supervisor who is responsible for the supervision of their thesis. Additional supervisors may also be appointed. Your supervision plan can be used to agree on the responsibilities related to the supervision.

Supervision as interaction and the supervision plan

Supervision is about interaction with responsibilities that are divided between the different parties of the supervision relationship. Ambiguities related to supervision are often due to the parties’ different expectations regarding the content and responsibilities of the supervision and the fact that the parties are often unaware of the others’ expectations. Below, you can find a table that serves as a great tool for considering the different rights and obligations related to supervision

The policies and practices of supervision should be discussed in the early stages of the thesis process. The supervisor and the student may also prepare a written supervision plan that clarifies the schedule for the supervision and the thesis work as well as the content of the supervision. The plan can also be utilised if any problems arise or you fall behind schedule.

Topics the supervisor should incorporate in the supervision

When supervising a student’s thesis work, remember to pay attention to the following topics:

• the responsible conduct of research and avoiding cheating
• guiding the student in matters related to data protection  
• matters related to open access publications and the public availability of theses  
• inform the student of the general process of thesis examination and approval and the related schedule 

Different faculties may have their own decisions and instructions on thesis supervision. Please read the instructions provided by your faculty.

See also the Instructions for Students

You will find related content for students in the Studies Service.

Bachelor’s theses and maturity tests

Thesis and maturity test in master's and licentiate's programmes.

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Thesis co-supervision. Definition and key aspects

A co-supervised thesis allows a UZ doctoral student to carry out part of his or her research at a foreign university and a foreign doctoral student to carry out part of his or her research at the UZ. Co-supervision means that the doctoral student will have a thesis supervisor at each of the two participating universities and that the time spent preparing the thesis will be divided between the two universities. The student must spend at least nine months outside his/her home university, six of which must be at the university with which the co-supervision agreement is signed. This stay may be carried out all at once or in periods of at least three months each.

Each thesis co-supervision will be carried out within the framework of a specific agreement between the two participating Universities, in accordance with the principle of reciprocity. This agreement, signed by both institutions’ deans, establishes the academic and administrative details governing the co-supervision. Under the agreement, each institution will recognize the validity of the doctoral thesis defended within this framework.

Regulations governing the completion of a co-supervised thesis

See articles 14-16 : Agreement of June 25, 2020, of the Governing Council of the University, approving the Regulations on Doctoral Theses of the UZ.

See item 12.1: Procedure for deposit, authorization, and defense of UZ theses (UZDS Management Committee, July 28, 2020).

1. Application for a co-supervised thesis and resolution

a) APPLICATION. Students must submit the application addressed to the DP’s Academic Committee via electronic registration at the DP’s administrative headquarters, using the corresponding form:

• Application for co-supervised theses for students enrolled in UZ program.
• Application for admission and thesis co-supervision for non-enrolled students with a Spanish/EHEA degree. To be accompanied by any official academic certificates that grant access to the doctorate program.
• Application for admission and thesis co-supervision for non-enrolled students holding non-EHEA degrees. To be accompanied by a copy of the document certifying that the Doctoral Commission has reported favorably on the application for access to the doctorate.

b) RESOLUTION. The Academic Committee will report on the application, submitting it to the Doctoral Committee for authorization, if appropriate.

The Academic Committee will appoint the suggested thesis supervisors, provided they have recognized research experience. If it is not the case, the suggested thesis co-supervisors must submit the corresponding application to the Doctoral Committee.

2. Co-supervision agreement

Each thesis co-supervision will be developed within the framework of a specific agreement between the two universities concerned, in accordance with the principle of reciprocity. By virtue of the agreement, each institution will recognize the validity of the doctoral thesis defended within this framework.

The co-supervision agreement will be drawn up jointly by the two universities following the templates established for this purpose, and in which the following issues will be reflected:

• Universities where the co-supervision will be carried out.
• Names of all thesis supervisors, who must have been appointed by the program’s Academic Committee.
• Starting date of the co-supervision.
• Duration of the stay periods at the respective universities and academic years in which they are to take place, in accordance with the requirements of the regulations.
• Place (university) and language in which the defense will take place.
• Jury members (must be doctors and have recognized research experience).
• Financial scheme (enrollment fees for students, financing of the jury, etc.).
• Intellectual and industrial property regulations in force in both countries.

The draft agreement should be sent to the UZDS Administration ([email protected]) for review and authorization by the academic authorities, if necessary.

The final version of the agreement will be signed by the doctoral students, their supervisors, the heads of the respective doctoral schools and the deans of both universities. The agreement may be modified by signing the corresponding addenda.

3. Enrollment in the universities involved in the co-supervised doctoral program

The doctoral student will be enrolled in both universities but will be exempted from the payment of fees at one of them.

As far as the UZ is concerned, co-supervised doctoral students must pay the enrollment fee (first year only), the fixed academic fees, including the school insurance or the compulsory accident insurance (all years of enrollment) and the doctoral tuition fee for at least one year, or as indicated in the co-supervision agreement.

All UZ co-supervised doctoral students must comply with the same procedures and processes as other doctoral students during their training.

4. Admission and defense of a co-supervised thesis

The thesis may be written in the language used at either of the two universities and be accompanied by an abstract and conclusions written in the other. It may also be written in a language commonly used for scientific communication in the field of knowledge, and that is accepted in the doctoral program in which the student is enrolled.

The requirements for deposit, jury proposal, publicizing, defense, evaluation, and specializations of the doctoral thesis will be those that apply in the respective universities and have been established in the corresponding co-supervision agreement, regardless of which university the thesis is defended at.

Co-supervised theses must be deposited at the two universities participating in the co-supervision. Students should submit the application for admission of the thesis in the usual way, attaching also the documentation required for a co-supervised thesis.

The jury will be appointed by mutual agreement between the two universities, respecting the regulatory requirements of both. In case of incompatibility, regulations of the university where the defense takes place will prevail.

Once the thesis defense has been authorized and the jury has been appointed, the secretary of the jury must communicate ([email protected]) the place, date, and time of the reading at least ten school days in advance , regardless of at which university the thesis will be defended at.

If the defense takes place at the UZ, the student must pay the defense fees .

The thesis will only be defended once, according to the stipulations in the co-supervision agreement. If the thesis is defended at the UZ, a previously designated member of the jury will deliver the corresponding documentation to the UZDS Administration and will send the necessary documentation to the foreign university. If the defense takes place at the foreign university, a previously designated member of the jury will deliver or send the corresponding documentation to the UZDS Administration within five days.